312-49 Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator Exam 2012

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc-SaNOFUElYoicG_TJhV7Og_d4PIrOmw6ALX_TNq6APXOYR0yGQU_AUeRqwhP4W3gtpSuAHN4C2cOL7DG54mtAqjl4eIKPIk7ONSBoKNdg-PokuGM2PpNLD2CDTVDWoSZIbNpJtKQmyk/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc-SaNOFUElYoicG_TJhV7Og_d4PIrOmw6ALX_TNq6APXOYR0yGQU_AUeRqwhP4W3gtpSuAHN4C2cOL7DG54mtAqjl4eIKPIk7ONSBoKNdg-PokuGM2PpNLD2CDTVDWoSZIbNpJtKQmyk/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div> Computer Forensic Exam 2012<br /> 1. If a PDA is seized in an investigation while the device is turned on, what would be the proper procedure?<br /> A. Keep the device powered on<br /> B. Turn off the device immediately<br /> C. Remove the battery immediately<br /> D. Remove any memory cards immediately<br /> 2. What hashing method is used to password protect Blackberry devices?<br /> A. AES<br /> B. RC5<br /> C. MD5<br /> D. SHA-1<br /> 3. You have been asked to investigate the possibility of computer fraud in the finance department of a<br /> company. It is suspected that a staff member has been committing finance fraud by printing cheques that<br /> have not been authorized. You have exhaustively searched all data files on a bitmap image of the target<br /> computer, but have found no evidence. You suspect the files may not have been saved.<br /> What should you examine next in this case?<br /> A. The registry<br /> B. The swapfile<br /> C. The recycle bin<br /> D. The metadata<br /> 4. With regard to using an antivirus scanner during a computer forensics investigation, you should:<br /> A. Scan the suspect hard drive before beginning an investigation<br /> B. Never run a scan on your forensics workstation because it could change your system configuration<br /> C. Scan your forensics workstation at intervals of no more than once every five minutes during an<br /> investigation<br /> D. Scan your forensics workstation before beginning an investigation<br /> 5. What layer of the OSI model do TCP and UDP utilize?<br /> A. Data Link<br /> B. Network<br /> C. Transport<br /> D. Session<br /> 6. When making the preliminary investigations in a sexual harassment case, how many investigators are you<br /> recommended having?<br /> A. One<br /> B. Two<br /> C. Three<br /> D. Four<br /> 7. When investigating a network that uses DHCP to assign IP addresses, where would you look to determine<br /> which system (MAC address) had a specific IP address at a specific time?<br /> A. On the individual computer ARP cacheOn the individual computer ARP cache<br /> B. In the Web Server log files<br /> Sumber : http://www.aiotestking.com/ec-council/2012/<br /> Disunting Oleh : Okayana<br /> Subject Name :<br /> 312-49 Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator. Computer hacking forensic investigation is<br /> the process of detecting hacking attacks and properly extracting evidence to report the crime<br /> and conduct audits to prevent future attacks.<br /> C. In the DHCP Server log files<br /> D. There is no way to determine the specific IP address<br /> 8. What type of equipment would a forensics investigator store in a StrongHold bag?<br /> A. PDAPDA<br /> B. Backup tapes<br /> C. Hard drives<br /> D. Wireless cards<br /> 9. When performing a forensics analysis, what device is used to prevent the system from recording data on an<br /> evidence disk?<br /> A. Write-blocker<br /> B. Protocol analyzer<br /> C. Firewall<br /> D. Disk editor<br /> 10. If you are concerned about a high level of compression but not concerned about any possible data loss,<br /> what type of compression would you use?<br /> A. Lossful compression<br /> B. Lossy compression<br /> C. Lossless compression<br /> D. Time-loss compression<br /> 11. When marking evidence that has been collected with the aa/ddmmyy/nnnn/zz format, what does the nnn<br /> denote?<br /> A. The year the evidence was taken<br /> B. The sequence number for the parts of the same exhibit<br /> C. The initials of the forensics analyst<br /> D. The sequential number of the exhibits seized<br /> 12. You are working in the Security Department of a law firm. One of the attorneys asks you about the topic of<br /> sending fake email because he has a client who has been charged with doing just that. His client alleges that<br /> he is innocent and that there is no way for a fake email to actually be sent. You inform the attorney that his<br /> client is mistaken and that fake email is a possibility and that you can prove it. You return to your desk and<br /> craft a fake email to the attorney that appears to come from his boss.<br /> What port do you send the email to on the company SMTP server?<br /> A. 10<br /> B. 25<br /> C. 110<br /> D. 135<br /> 13. The efforts to obtain information before a trial by demanding documents, depositions, questions and<br /> answers written under oath, written requests for admissions of fact, and examination of the scene is a<br /> description of what legal term?<br /> A. Detection<br /> B. Hearsay<br /> C. Spoliation<br /> D. Discovery<br /> 14. An investigator is searching through the firewall logs of a company and notices ICMP packets that are<br /> larger than 65,536 bytes.<br /> What type of activity is the investigator seeing?<br /> A. Smurf<br /> B. Ping of death<br /> C. Fraggle<br /> D. Nmap scan<br /> 15. What type of file is represented by a colon (:) with a name following it in the Master File Table (MFT) of<br /> an NTFS disk?<br /> A. Compressed file<br /> B. Data stream file<br /> C. Encrypted file<br /> D. Reserved file<br /> 16. When carrying out a forensics investigation, why should you never delete a partition on a dynamic disk?<br /> A. All virtual memory will be deleted<br /> B. The wrong partition may be set to active<br /> C. This action can corrupt the disk<br /> D. The computer will be set in a constant reboot state<br /> 17. When using an iPod and the host computer is running Windows, what file system will be used?<br /> A. iPod+<br /> B. HFS<br /> C. FAT16<br /> D. FAT32<br /> 18. What is one method of bypassing a system BIOS password?<br /> A. Removing the processor<br /> B. Removing the CMOS battery<br /> C. Remove all the system memoryRemove all the system memory<br /> D. Login to Windows and disable the BIOS password<br /> 19. What technique used by Encase makes it virtually impossible to tamper with evidence once it has been<br /> acquired?<br /> A. Every byte of the file(s) is given an MD5 hash to match against a master file<br /> B. Every byte of the file(s) is verified using 32-bit CRC<br /> C. Every byte of the file(s) is copied to three different hard drives<br /> D. Every byte of the file(s) is encrypted using three different methods<br /> 20. What must an investigator do before disconnecting an iPod from any type of computer?<br /> A.Unmount the iPod<br /> B. Mount the iPod<br /> C. Disjoin the iPod<br /> D. Join the iPod<br /> 21. In the context of file deletion process, which of the following statement holds true?<br /> A. When files are deleted, the data is overwritten and the cluster marked as available<br /> B. The longer a disk is in use, the less likely it is that deleted files will be overwritten<br /> C. While booting, the machine may create temporary files that can delete evidence<br /> D. Secure delete programs work by completely overwriting the file in one go<br /> 22. The following is a log file screenshot from a default installation of IIS 6.0.<br /> What time standard is used by IIS as seen in the screenshot?<br /> A. UTC<br /> B. GMT<br /> C. TAI<br /> D. UT<br /> 23. A small law firm located in the Midwest has possibly been breached by a computer hacker looking to<br /> obtain information on their clientele. The law firm does not have any on-site IT employees, but wants to<br /> search for evidence of the breach themselves to prevent any possible media attention.<br /> Why would this not be recommended?<br /> A. Searching for evidence themselves would not have any ill effects<br /> B. Searching could possibly crash the machine or device<br /> C. Searching creates cache files, which would hinder the investigation<br /> D. Searching can change date/time stamps<br /> 24. When examining a file with a Hex Editor, what space does the file header occupy?<br /> A. The first several bytes of the file<br /> B. One byte at the beginning of the file<br /> C. None, file headers are contained in the FAT<br /> D. The last several bytes of the file<br /> 25. In the following directory listing,<br /> which file should be used to restore archived email messages for someone using Microsoft Outlook?<br /> A. Outlook bak<br /> B. Outlook ost<br /> C. Outlook NK2<br /> D. Outlook pst<br /> 26. Daryl, a computer forensics investigator, has just arrived at the house of an alleged computer hacker. Daryl<br /> takes pictures and tags all computer and peripheral equipment found in the house. Daryl packs all the items<br /> found in his van and takes them back to his lab for further examination. At his lab, Michael his assistant<br /> helps him with the investigation. Since Michael is still in training, Daryl supervises all of his work very<br /> carefully. Michael is not quite sure about the procedures to copy all the data off the computer and<br /> peripheral devices.<br /> How many data acquisition tools should Michael use when creating copies of the evidence for the<br /> investigation?<br /> A. Two<br /> B. One<br /> C. Three<br /> D. Four<br /> 27. What feature of Decryption Collection allows an investigator to crack a password as quickly as possible?<br /> A. Cracks every password in 10 minutes<br /> B. Distribute processing over 16 or fewer computers<br /> C. Support for Encrypted File System<br /> D. Support for MD5 hash verification<br /> 28. Heather, a computer forensics investigator, is assisting a group of investigators working on a large<br /> computer fraud case involving over 20 people. These 20 people, working in different offices, allegedly<br /> siphoned off money from many different client accounts. Heather responsibility is to findThese 20 people,<br /> working in different offices, allegedly siphoned off money from many different client accounts. Heather<br /> responsibility is to find out how the accused people communicated between each other. She has searched<br /> their email and their computers and has not found any useful evidence. Heather then finds some possibly<br /> useful evidence under the desk of one of the accused.<br /> In an envelope she finds a piece of plastic with numerous holes cut out of it. Heather then finds the same<br /> exact piece of plastic with holes at many of the other accused peoples desks. Heather believes that the 20<br /> people involved in the case were using a cipher to send secret messages in between each other.<br /> What type of cipher was used by the accused in this case?<br /> A. Grill cipher<br /> B. Null cipher<br /> C. Text semagram<br /> D. Visual semagram<br /> 29. What is the smallest physical storage unit on a hard drive?<br /> A. Track<br /> B. Cluster<br /> C. Sector<br /> D. Platter<br /> 30. When needing to search for a website that is no longer present on the Internet today but was online few<br /> years back, what site can be used to view the website collection of pages view the website collection of<br /> pages?<br /> A. Proxify.net<br /> B. Dnsstuff.com<br /> C. Samspade.org<br /> D. Archive.org<br /> 31. Under confession, an accused criminal admitted to encrypting child pornography pictures and then hiding<br /> them within other pictures.<br /> What technique did the accused criminal employ?<br /> A. Typography<br /> B. Steganalysis<br /> C. Picture encoding<br /> D. Steganography<br /> 32. Where does Encase search to recover NTFS files and folders?<br /> A. MBR<br /> B. MFT<br /> C. Slack space<br /> D. HAL<br /> 33. Given the drive dimensions as follows and assuming a sector has 512 bytes, what is the capacity of the<br /> described hard drive?<br /> 22,164 cylinders/disk<br /> 80 heads/cylinder<br /> 63 sectors/track<br /> A. 53.26 GB<br /> B. 57.19 GB<br /> C. 11.17 GB<br /> D. 10 GB<br /> 34. To preserve digital evidence, an investigator should ____________<br /> A. Make two copies of each evidence item using a single imaging tool<br /> B. Make a single copy of each evidence item using an approved imaging tool<br /> C. Make two copies of each evidence item using different imaging tools<br /> D. Only store the original evidence item<br /> 35. Travis, a computer forensics investigator, is finishing up a case he has been working on for over a month<br /> involving copyright infringement and embezzlement. His last task is to prepare an investigative report for<br /> the president of the company he has been working for. Travis must submit a hard copy and an electronic<br /> copy to this president.<br /> In what electronic format should Travis send this report?<br /> A. TIFF-8<br /> B. DOC<br /> C. WPD<br /> D. PDF<br /> 36. A forensics investigator is searching the hard drive of a computer for files that were recently moved to the<br /> Recycle Bin.<br /> He searches for files in C:\RECYCLED using a command line tool but does not find anything.<br /> What is the reason for this?<br /> A. He should search in C:\Windows\System32\RECYCLED folder<br /> B. The Recycle Bin does not exist on the hard drive<br /> C. The files are hidden and he must use switch to view them<br /> D. Only FAT system contains RECYCLED folder and not NTFS<br /> 37. The offset in a hexadecimal code is:<br /> A. The 0x at the beginning of the code<br /> B. The 0x at the end of the code<br /> C. The first byte after the colon<br /> D. The last byte after the colon<br /> 38. Why should you never power on a computer that you need to acquire digital evidence from?<br /> A. When the computer boots up, files are written to the computer rendering the data nclean<br /> B. When the computer boots up, the system cache is cleared which could destroy evidence<br /> C. When the computer boots up, data in the memory buffer is cleared which could destroy evidence<br /> D. Powering on a computer has no affect when needing to acquire digital evidence from it<br /> 39. Which legal document allows law enforcement to search an office, place of business, or other locale for<br /> evidence relating to an alleged crime?<br /> A. Search warrant<br /> B. Subpoena<br /> C. Wire tap<br /> D. Bench warrant<br /> 40. What is the slave device connected to the secondary IDE controller on a Linux OS referred to?<br /> A. hda<br /> B. hdd<br /> C. hdb<br /> D. hdc<br /> 41. An employee is attempting to wipe out data stored on a couple of compact discs (CDs) and digital video<br /> discs (DVDs) by using a large magnet.<br /> You inform him that this method will not be effective in wiping out the data because CDs and DVDs are<br /> _________ media used to store large amounts of data and are not affected by the magnet.<br /> A. Magnetic<br /> B. Optical<br /> C. Anti-Magnetic<br /> D. Logical<br /> 42. What will the following command accomplish?<br /> dd if=/dev/xxx of=mbr.backup bs=512 count=1<br /> A. Back up the master boot record<br /> B. Restore the master boot record<br /> C. Mount the master boot record on the first partition of the hard drive<br /> D. Restore the first 512 bytes of the first partition of the hard drive<br /> 43. Preparing an image drive to copy files to is the first step in Linux forensics.<br /> For this purpose, what would the following command accomplish?<br /> dcfldd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=4096 conv=noerror, sync<br /> A. Fill the disk with zeros<br /> B. Low-level format<br /> C. Fill the disk with 4096 zeros<br /> D. Copy files from the master disk to the slave disk on the secondary IDE controller<br /> 44. A picture file is recovered from a computer under investigation. During the investigation process, the file is<br /> enlarged 500% to get a better view of its contents.<br /> The picture quality is not degraded at all from this process.<br /> What kind of picture is this file its contents?<br /> A. Raster image<br /> B. Vector image<br /> C. Metafile image<br /> D. Catalog image<br /> 45. You are called in to assist the police in an investigation involving a suspected drug dealer. The police<br /> searched the suspect house after a warrant was obtained and they located a floppy disk in the suspect<br /> bedroom. The disk contains several files, but they appear to be password protected.<br /> What are two common methods used by password cracking software that you could use to obtain the<br /> password?<br /> A. Limited force and library attack<br /> B. Brute force and dictionary attack<br /> C. Maximum force and thesaurus attack<br /> D. Minimum force and appendix attack<br /> 46. What advantage does the tool Evidor have over the built-in Windows search?<br /> A. It can find deleted files even after they have been physically removed<br /> B. It can find bad sectors on the hard drive<br /> C. It can search slack space<br /> D. It can find files hidden within ADS<br /> 47. An on-site incident response team is called to investigate an alleged case of computer tampering within<br /> their company. Before proceeding with the investigation, the CEO informs them that the incident will be<br /> classified as low level.<br /> How long will the team have to respond to the incident the investigation?<br /> A. One working day<br /> B. Two working days<br /> C. Immediately<br /> D. Four hours<br /> 48. George was recently fired from his job as an IT analyst at Pitts and Company in Dallas Texas. His main<br /> duties as an analyst were to support the company Active Directory structure and to create network polices.<br /> George now wants to break into the company network by cracking some of company Active Directory<br /> structure and to create network polices.<br /> Which password cracking technique should George use in this situation?<br /> A. Brute force attack<br /> B. Syllable attack<br /> C. Rule-based attack<br /> D. Dictionary attack<br /> 49. What term is used to describe a cryptographic technique for embedding information into something else for<br /> the sole purpose of hiding that information from the casual observer?<br /> A. Key escrow<br /> B. Steganography<br /> C. Rootkit<br /> D. Offset<br /> 50. What type of attack sends SYN requests to a target system with spoofed IP addresses?<br /> A. SYN flood<br /> B. Ping of death<br /> C. Cross site scripting<br /> D. Land<br /> 51. Harold is a computer forensics investigator working for a consulting firm out of Atlanta Georgia. Harold is<br /> called upon to help with a corporate espionage case in Miami Florida. Harold assists in the investigation by<br /> pulling all the data from the computers allegedly used in the illegal activities. He finds that two suspects in<br /> the company where stealing sensitive corporate information and selling it to competing companies. From<br /> the email and instant messenger logs recovered, Harold has discovered that the two employees notified the<br /> buyers by writing symbols on the back of specific stop signs. This way, the buyers knew when and where<br /> to meet with the alleged suspects to buy the stolen material.<br /> What type of steganography did these two suspects use?<br /> A. Text semagram<br /> B. Visual semagram<br /> C. Grill cipher<br /> D. Visual cipher<br /> 52. What is the CIDR from the following screenshot?<br /> A. /24A./24A./24<br /> B. /32 B./32 B./32<br /> C. /16 C./16 C./16<br /> D. /8D./8D./8<br /> 53. How many times can data be written to a DVD+R disk?<br /> A. Twice<br /> B. Once<br /> C. Zero<br /> D. Infinite<br /> 54. What must be obtained before an investigation is carried out at a location?<br /> A. Search warrant<br /> B. Subpoena<br /> C. Habeas corpus<br /> D. Modus operandi<br /> 55. Paul is a computer forensics investigator working for Tyler & Company Consultants. Paul has been called<br /> upon to help investigate a computer hacking ring broken up by the local police. Paul begins to inventory the<br /> PCs found in the hackers hideout.<br /> Paul then comes across a PDA left by them that is attached to a number of different peripheral devices.<br /> What is the first step that Paul must take with the PDA to ensure the integrity of the investigation?<br /> A. Place PDA, including all devices, in an antistatic bag<br /> B. Unplug all connected devices<br /> C. Power off all devices if currently on<br /> D. Photograph and document the peripheral devices<br /> 56. During an investigation, an employee was found to have deleted harassing emails that were sent to<br /> someone else. The company was using Microsoft Exchange and had message tracking enabled.<br /> Where could the investigator search to find the message tracking log file on the Exchange server?<br /> A. C:\Program Files\Exchsrvr\servername.log<br /> B. D:\Exchsrvr\Message Tracking\servername.log<br /> C. C:\Exchsrvr\Message Tracking\servername.log<br /> D. C:\Program Files\Microsoft Exchange\srvr\servername.log<br /> 57. Lockdown device uses which operating system to write hard drive data?<br /> A. Mac OS<br /> B. Red Hat<br /> C. Unix<br /> D. Windows<br /> 58. What technique is used by JPEGs for compression?<br /> A. ZIP<br /> B. TCD<br /> C. DCT<br /> D. TIFF-8<br /> 59. John is working as a computer forensics investigator for a consulting firm in Canada. He is called to seize a<br /> computer at a local web caf John is working as a computer forensics investigator for a consulting firm in<br /> Canada. John thoroughly scans the computer and finds nothing that would lead him to think the computer<br /> was a botnet server.<br /> John decides to scan the virtual memory of the computer to possibly find something he had missed.<br /> What information will the virtual memory scan produce?<br /> A. It contains the times and dates of when the system was last patched<br /> B. It is not necessary to scan the virtual memory of a computer<br /> C. It contains the times and dates of all the system files<br /> D. Hidden running processes<br /> 60. Which is a standard procedure to perform during all computer forensics investigations?<br /> A. With the hard drive in the suspect PC, check the date and time in the system CMOS<br /> B. With the hard drive removed from the suspect PC, check the date and time in the system CMOS<br /> C. With the hard drive in the suspect PC, check the date and time in the File Allocation Table<br /> D. With the hard drive removed from the suspect PC, check the date and time in the system RAM<br /> 61. What method of copying should always be performed first before carrying out an investigation?<br /> A. Parity-bit copy<br /> B. Bit-stream copy<br /> C. MS-DOS disc copy<br /> D. System level copy<br /> 62. In conducting a computer abuse investigation you become aware that the suspect of the investigation is<br /> using ABC Company as his Internet Service Provider (ISP). You contact the ISP and request that they<br /> provide you assistance with your investigation.<br /> What assistance can the ISP provide?<br /> A. The ISP can investigate anyone using their service and can provide you with assistance<br /> B. The ISP can investigate computer abuse committed by their employees, but must preserve the privacy of<br /> their customers and therefore cannot assist you without a warrant<br /> C. The ISP cannot conduct any type of investigations on anyone and therefore cannot assist you<br /> D. ISPs never maintain log files so they would be of no use to your investigation<br /> 63. Where is the default location for Apache access logs on a Linux computer?<br /> A. usr/local/apache/logs/access_log<br /> B. bin/local/home/apache/logs/access_log<br /> C. usr/logs/access_log<br /> D. logs/usr/apache/access_log<br /> 64. Jacob is a computer forensics investigator with over 10 years experience in investigations and has written<br /> over 50 articles on computer forensics. He has been called upon as a qualified witness to testify the<br /> accuracy and integrity of the technical log files gathered in an investigation into computer fraud.<br /> What is the term used for Jacob testimony in this case?<br /> A. Justification<br /> B. Authentication<br /> C. Reiteration<br /> D. Certification<br /> 65. How often must a company keep log files for them to be admissible in a court of law?<br /> A. All log files are admissible in court no matter their frequency<br /> B. Weekly<br /> C. Monthly<br /> D. Continuously<br /> 66. What file is processed at the end of a Windows XP boot to initialize the logon dialog box?<br /> A. NTOSKRNL.EXE<br /> B. NTLDR<br /> C. LSASS.EXE<br /> D. NTDETECT.COM<br /> 67. John is working on his company policies and guidelines. The section he is currently working on covers<br /> company documents; how they should be handled, stored, and eventually destroyed. John is concerned<br /> about the process whereby outdated documents are destroyed.<br /> What type of shredder should John write in the guidelines to be used when destroying documents?<br /> A. Strip-cut shredder<br /> B. Cross-cut shredder<br /> C. Cross-hatch shredder<br /> D. Cris-cross shredder<br /> 68. To check for POP3 traffic using Ethereal, what port should an investigator search by?<br /> A. 143<br /> B. 25<br /> C. 110<br /> D. 125<br /> 69. What does the acronym POST mean as it relates to a PC?<br /> A. Power On Self Test<br /> B. Pre Operational Situation Test<br /> C. Primary Operating System Test<br /> D. Primary Operations Short Test<br /> 70. You are called by an author who is writing a book and he wants to know how long the copyright for his<br /> book will last after he has the book published?<br /> A. 70 years<br /> B. The life of the author<br /> C. The life of the author plus 70 years<br /> D. Copyrights last forever<br /> 71. When should an MD5 hash check be performed when processing evidence?<br /> A. After the evidence examination has been completed<br /> B. On an hourly basis during the evidence examination<br /> C. Before and after evidence examination<br /> D. Before the evidence examination has been completed<br /> 72. At what layer does a cross site scripting attack occur on?<br /> A. Presentation<br /> B. Application<br /> C. Session<br /> D. Data Link<br /> 73. What happens when a file is deleted by a Microsoft operating system using the FAT file system?<br /> A. The file is erased and cannot be recovered<br /> B. The file is erased but can be recovered partially<br /> C. A copy of the file is stored and the original file is erased<br /> D. Only the reference to the file is removed from the FAT and can be recovered<br /> 74. Davidson Trucking is a small transportation company that has three local offices in Detroit Michigan. Ten<br /> female employees that work for the company have gone to an attorney reporting that male employees<br /> repeatedly harassed them and that management did nothing to stop the problem. Davidson has employee<br /> policies that outline all company guidelines, including awareness on harassment and how it will not be<br /> tolerated.<br /> When the case is brought to court, whom should the prosecuting attorney call upon for not upholding<br /> company policy?<br /> A. IT personnel<br /> B. Employees themselves<br /> C. Supervisors<br /> D. Administrative assistant in charge of writing policies<br /> 75. When searching through file headers for picture file formats, what should be searched to find a JPEG file in<br /> hexadecimal format?<br /> A. FF D8 FF E0 00 10<br /> B. FF FF FF FF FF FF<br /> C. FF 00 FF 00 FF 00<br /> D. EF 00 EF 00 EF 00<br /> 76. Jack Smith is a forensics investigator who works for Mason Computer Investigation Services. He is<br /> investigating a computer that was infected by Ramen Virus.<br /> He runs the netstat command on the machine to see its current connections.<br /> In the following screenshot, what do the 0.0.0.0 IP addresses signify?<br /> A. Those connections are established A.<br /> B. Those connections are in listening mode B.<br /> C. Those connections are in closed/waiting mode C.<br /> D. Those connections are in timed out/waiting mode D.<br /> 77. With the standard Linux second extended file system (Ext2fs), a file is deleted when the inode internal link<br /> count reaches ______<br /> A. 0<br /> B. 1<br /> C. 10<br /> D. 100<br /> 78. What type of flash memory card comes in either Type I or Type II and consumes only five percent of the<br /> power required by small hard drives?<br /> A. SD memory<br /> B. CF memory<br /> C. MMC memory<br /> D. SM memory<br /> 79. Julie is a college student majoring in Information Systems and Computer Science. She is currently writing<br /> an essay for her computer crimes class. Julie paper focuses on white-collar crimes in America and how<br /> forensics investigators investigate the cases.<br /> What crime should Julie focus on?<br /> A. Physical theft<br /> B. Copyright infringement<br /> C. Industrial espionage<br /> D. Denial of Service attacks<br /> 80. A forensics investigator needs to copy data from a computer to some type of removable media so he can<br /> examine the information at another location. The problem is that the data is around 42GB in size.<br /> What type of removable media could the investigator use?<br /> A. Blu-Ray single-layer<br /> B. HD-DVD<br /> C. Blu-Ray dual-layer<br /> D. DVD-18<br /> 81. Steven has been given the task of designing a computer forensics lab for the company he works for. He has<br /> found documentation on all aspects of how to design a lab except the number of exits needed.<br /> How many exits should Steven include in his design for the computer forensics lab?<br /> A. Three<br /> B. One<br /> C. Two<br /> D. Four<br /> 82. You are working as an independent computer forensics investigator and receive a call from a systems<br /> administrator for a local school system requesting your assistance. One of the students at the local high<br /> school is suspected of downloading inappropriate images from the Internet to a PC in the Computer Lab.<br /> When you arrive at the school, the systems administrator hands you a hard drive and tells you that he made<br /> a imple PC in the Computer Lab.<br /> What type of copy do you need to make to ensure that the evidence found is complete and admissible in<br /> future proceedings?<br /> A. Bit-stream copy<br /> B. Robust copy<br /> C. Full backup copy<br /> D. Incremental backup copy<br /> 83. The newer Macintosh Operating System (MacOS X) is based on:<br /> A. Microsoft Windows<br /> B. OS/2<br /> C. BSD Unix<br /> D. Linux<br /> 84. What binary coding is used most often for e-mail purposes?<br /> A. SMTP<br /> B. Uuencode<br /> C. IMAP<br /> D. MIME<br /> 85. You have been called in to help with an investigation of an alleged network intrusion. After questioning the<br /> members of the company IT department, you search through the server log files to find any trace of the<br /> intrusion. After that you decide to telnet into one of the company routers to see if there is any evidence to<br /> be found. While connected to the router, you see some unusual activity and believe that the attackers are<br /> currently connected to that router. You start up an ethereal session to begin capturing traffic on the router<br /> that could be used in the investigation.<br /> At what layer of the OSI model are you monitoring while watching traffic to and from the router?<br /> A. Network<br /> B. Transport<br /> C. Data Link<br /> D. Session<br /> 86. Which forensic investigating concept trails the whole incident from how the attack began to how the victim<br /> was affected?<br /> A. Point-to-point<br /> B. End-to-end<br /> C. Thorough<br /> D. Complete event analysis<br /> 87. Jones had been trying to penetrate a remote production system for the past two weeks. This time however,<br /> he is able to get into the system. He was able to use the system for a period of three weeks. However law<br /> enforcement agencies were recording his every activity and this was later presented as evidence. The<br /> organization had used a virtual environment to trap Jones.<br /> What is a virtual environment?<br /> A. A system using Trojaned commands<br /> B. A honeypot that traps hackers<br /> C. An environment set up after the user logs in<br /> D. An environment set up before an user logs in<br /> 88. Sniffers that place NICs in promiscuous mode work at what layer of the OSI model?<br /> A. Network<br /> B. Transport<br /> C.Physical<br /> D. Data Link<br /> 89. You are working as a computer forensics investigator for a corporation on a computer abuse case. You<br /> discover evidence that shows the subject of your investigation is also embezzling money from the<br /> company. The company CEO and the corporate legal counsel advise you to contact local law enforcement<br /> and provide them with the evidence that you have found. The law enforcement officer that responds<br /> requests that you put a network sniffer on your network and monitor all traffic to the subject computer.<br /> You inform the officer that you will not be able to comply with that request because doing so would:<br /> A. Violate your contract<br /> B. Cause network congestion<br /> C. Make you an agent of law enforcement<br /> D. Write information to the subject hard drive<br /> 90. Where are files temporarily written in Unix when printing?<br /> A. /usr/spool<br /> B. /var/print<br /> C. /spool<br /> D. /var/spool<br /> 91. What type of attack occurs when an attacker can force a router to stop forwarding packets by flooding the<br /> router with many open connections simultaneously so that all the hosts behind the router are effectively<br /> disabled?<br /> A. ARP redirect<br /> B. Physical attack<br /> C. Digital attack<br /> D. Denial of service<br /> 92. When using Windows acquisitions tools to acquire digital evidence, it is important to use a well- tested<br /> hardware write-blocking device to _________<br /> A. Automate collection from image files<br /> B. Avoiding copying data from the boot partition<br /> C. Acquire data from the host-protected area on a disk<br /> D. Prevent contamination to the evidence drive<br /> 93. All Blackberry email is eventually sent and received through what proprietary RIM-operated mechanism?<br /> A. Blackberry Message Center<br /> B. Microsoft Exchange<br /> C. Blackberry WAP gateway<br /> D. Blackberry WEP gateway<br /> 94. Sectors in hard disks typically contain how many bytes?<br /> A. 256<br /> B. 512<br /> C. 1024<br /> D. 2048<br /> 95. Which program is the boot loader when Windows XP starts up?<br /> A. KERNEL.EXE<br /> B. NTLDR<br /> C. LOADER<br /> D. LILO<br /> 96. An employee is suspected of stealing proprietary information belonging to your company that he had no<br /> rights to possess. The information was stored on the employee computer that was protected with the NTFS<br /> Encrypted File System (EFS) and you had observed him copy the files to a floppy disk just before leaving<br /> work for the weekend. You detain the employee before he leaves the building and recover the floppy disk<br /> and secure his computer.<br /> Will you be able to break the encryption so that you can verify that the employee was in possession of the<br /> proprietary information?<br /> A. EFS uses a 128-bit key that cannot be cracked, so you will not be able to recover the information<br /> B. The EFS Revoked Key Agent can be used on the computer to recover the information<br /> C. When the encrypted file was copied to the floppy disk, it was automatically unencrypted, so you can<br /> recover the information<br /> D. When the encrypted file was copied to the floppy disk, the EFS private key was also copied to the<br /> floppy disk, so you can recover the information<br /> 97. What encryption technology is used on Blackberry devices Password Keeper?<br /> A. 3DES<br /> B. AES<br /> C. Blowfish<br /> D. RC5<br /> 98. What is the first step taken in an investigation for laboratory forensic staff members?<br /> A. Packaging the electronic evidence<br /> B. Securing and evaluating the electronic crime scene<br /> C. Conducting preliminary interviews<br /> D. Transporting the electronic evidence<br /> 99. Chris has been called upon to investigate a hacking incident reported by one of his clients. The company<br /> suspects the involvement of an insider accomplice in the attack. Upon reaching the incident scene, Chris<br /> secures the physical area, records the scene using visual media. He shuts the system down by pulling the<br /> power plug so that he does not disturb the system in any way. He labels all cables and connectors prior to<br /> disconnecting any.<br /> What do you think would be the next sequence of events?<br /> A. Connect the target media; Prepare the system for acquisition; Secure the evidence; Copy the media<br /> B. Prepare the system for acquisition; Connect the target media; Copy the media; Secure the evidence<br /> C. Connect the target media; Delete the system for acquisition; Secure the evidence; Copy the media<br /> D. Secure the evidence; Prepare the system for acquisition; Connect the target media; Copy the media<br /> 100. When monitoring for both intrusion and security events between multiple computers, it is essential that the<br /> computers’ clocks are synchronized.<br /> Synchronized time allows an administrator to reconstruct what took place during an attack against multiple<br /> computers.<br /> Without synchronized time, it is very difficult to determine exactly when specific events took place, and<br /> how events interlace.<br /> What is the name of the service used to synchronize time among multiple computers?<br /> A. Time-Sync Protocol<br /> B. SyncTime Service<br /> C. Network Time Protocol<br /> D. Universal Time Set<br /> 101. What information do you need to recover when searching a victim computer for a crime committed with<br /> specific e-mail message?<br /> A. Internet service provider information<br /> B. E-mail header<br /> C. Username and password<br /> D. Firewall log<br /> 102. What type of analysis helps to identify the time and sequence of events in an investigation?<br /> A. Time-based<br /> B. Functional<br /> C. Relational<br /> D. Temporal<br /> 103. You are assigned to work in the computer forensics lab of a state police agency. While working on a high<br /> profile criminal case, you have followed every applicable procedure, however your boss is still concerned<br /> that the defense attorney might question wheather evidence has been changed while at the lab.<br /> What can you do to prove that the evidence is the same as it was when it first entered the lab?<br /> A. Sign a statement attesting that the evidence is the same as it was when it entered the lab<br /> B. There is no reason to worry about this possible claim because state labs are certified<br /> C. Make MD5 hashes of the evidence and compare it to the standard database developed by NIST<br /> D. Make MD5 hashes of the evidence and compare it with the original MD5 hash that was taken when the<br /> evidence first entered the lab<br /> 104. Cylie is investigating a network breach at a state organization in Florida. She discovers that the intruders<br /> were able to gain access into the company firewalls by overloading them with IP packets.<br /> Cylie then discovers through her investigation that the intruders hacked into the company phone system and<br /> used the hard drives on their PBX system to store shared music files.<br /> What would this attack on the company? PBX system be called?<br /> A. Phreaking<br /> B. Squatting<br /> C. Crunching<br /> D. Pretexting<br /> 105. A suspect is accused of violating the acceptable use of computing resources, as he has visited adult<br /> websites and downloaded images. The investigator wants to demonstrate that the suspect did indeed visit<br /> these sites. However, the suspect has cleared the search history and emptied the cookie cache. Moreover, he<br /> has removed any images he might have downloaded.<br /> What can the investigator do to prove the violation? Choose the most feasible option.<br /> A. Image the disk and try to recover deleted files<br /> B. Seek the help of co-workers who are eye-witnesses<br /> C. Check the Windows registry for connection data (You may or may not recover)<br /> D. Approach the websites for evidence<br /> 106. What is the name of the standard Linux command that can be used to create bit-stream images?<br /> A. mcopy<br /> B. image<br /> C. MD5<br /> D. dd<br /> 107. What will the following command accomplish in Linux?<br /> fdisk /dev/hda<br /> A. Partition the hard drive<br /> B. Format the hard drive<br /> C. Delete all files under the /dev/hda folder<br /> D. Fill the disk with zeros<br /> 108. If you discover a criminal act while investigating a corporate policy abuse, it becomes a public- sector<br /> investigation and should be referred to law enforcement?<br /> A. True<br /> B. False<br /> 109. In the following email header, where did the email first originate from?<br /> A. Somedomain.com<br /> B. Smtp1.somedomain.com<br /> C. Simon1.state.ok.gov.us<br /> D. David1.state.ok.gov.us<br /> 110. A computer forensics investigator is inspecting the firewall logs for a large financial institution that has<br /> employees working 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.<br /> What can the investigator infer from the screenshot seen below?<br /> A. A smurf attack has been attempted<br /> B. A denial of service has been attempted<br /> C. Network intrusion has occurred<br /> D. Buffer overflow attempt on the firewall.<br /> 111. One way to identify the presence of hidden partitions on a suspect hard drive is to:<br /> A. Add up the total size of all known partitions and compare it to the total size of the hard drive<br /> B. Examine the FAT and identify hidden partitions by noting an in the artition Type field<br /> C. Examine the LILO and note an in the artition Type field<br /> D. It is not possible to have hidden partitions on a hard drive<br /> 112. When investigating a wireless attack, what information can be obtained from the DHCP logs?<br /> A. The operating system of the attacker and victim computers<br /> B. IP traffic between the attacker and the victim<br /> C. MAC address of the attacker<br /> D. If any computers on the network are running in promiscuous mode<br /> 113. This type of testimony is presented by someone who does the actual fieldwork and does not offer a view in<br /> court.<br /> A. Civil litigation testimony<br /> B. Expert testimony<br /> C. Victim advocate testimony<br /> D. Technical testimony<br /> 114. On an Active Directory network using NTLM authentication, where on the domain controllers are the<br /> passwords stored?<br /> A. SAM<br /> B. AMS<br /> C. Shadow file<br /> D. Password.conf<br /> 115. Why is it still possible to recover files that have been emptied from the Recycle Bin on a Windows<br /> computer?<br /> A. The data is still present until the original location of the file is used<br /> B. The data is moved to the Restore directory and is kept there indefinitely<br /> C. The data will reside in the L2 cache on a Windows computer until it is manually deleted<br /> D. It is not possible to recover data that has been emptied from the Recycle Bin<br /> 116. When is it appropriate to use computer forensics?<br /> A. If copyright and intellectual property theft/misuse has occurred<br /> B. If employees do not care for their boss?management techniques<br /> C. If sales drop off for no apparent reason for an extended period of time<br /> D. If a financial institution is burglarized by robbers<br /> 117. Madison is on trial for allegedly breaking into her university internal network. The police raided her dorm<br /> room and seized all of her computer equipment. Madison lawyer is trying to convince the judge that the<br /> seizure was unfounded and baseless.<br /> Under which US Amendment is Madison lawyer trying to prove the police violated?<br /> A. The 10th Amendment<br /> B. The 5th Amendment<br /> C. The 1st Amendment<br /> D. The 4th Amendment<br /> 118. Using Linux to carry out a forensics investigation, what would the following command accomplish?<br /> dd if=/usr/home/partition.image of=/dev/sdb2 bs=4096 conv=notrunc,noerror<br /> A. Search for disk errors within an image file<br /> B. Backup a disk to an image file<br /> C. Copy a partition to an image file<br /> D. Restore a disk from an image file<br /> 119. In handling computer-related incidents, which IT role should be responsible for recovery, containment, and<br /> prevention to constituents?<br /> A. Security Administrator<br /> B. Network Administrator<br /> C. Director of Information Technology<br /> D. Director of Administration<br /> 120. In a computer forensics investigation, what describes the route that evidence takes from the time you find it<br /> until the case is closed or goes to court?<br /> A. Policy of separation<br /> B. Chain of custody<br /> C. Rules of evidence<br /> D. Law of probability<br /> 121. You are working as an investigator for a corporation and you have just received instructions from your<br /> manager to assist in the collection of 15 hard drives that are part of an ongoing investigation. Your job is to<br /> complete the required evidence custody forms to properly document each piece of evidence as other<br /> members of your team collect it. Your manager instructs you to complete one multi-evidence form for the<br /> entire case and a single-evidence form for each hard drive.<br /> How will these forms be stored to help preserve the chain of custody of the case?<br /> A. All forms should be placed in an approved secure container because they are now primary evidence in<br /> the case<br /> B. The multi-evidence form should be placed in an approved secure container with the hard drives and the<br /> single-evidence forms should be placed in the report file<br /> C. All forms should be placed in the report file because they are now primary evidence in the case<br /> D. The multi-evidence form should be placed in the report file and the single-evidence forms should be<br /> kept with each hard drive in an approved secure container<br /> 122. What will the following Linux command accomplish?<br /> dd if=/dev/mem of=/home/sam/mem.bin bs=1024<br /> A. Copy the master boot record to a file<br /> B. Copy the contents of the system folder em to a file<br /> C. Copy the running memory to a file<br /> D. Copy the memory dump file to an image file<br /> 123. Before performing a logical or physical search of a drive in Encase, what must be added to the program?<br /> A. File signatures<br /> B. Keywords<br /> C. Hash sets<br /> D. Bookmarks<br /> 124. You are employed directly by an attorney to help investigate an alleged sexual harassment case at a large<br /> pharmaceutical manufacturer. While at the corporate office of the company, the CEO demands to know the<br /> status of the investigation.<br /> What prevents you from discussing the case with the CEO?<br /> A. The attorney-work-product rule<br /> B. Good manners<br /> C. Trade secrets<br /> D. ISO 17799<br /> 125. When a router receives an update for its routing table, what is the metric value change to that path?<br /> A. Increased by 2<br /> B. Decreased by 1<br /> C. Increased by 1<br /> D. Decreased by 2<br /> 126. When operating systems mark a cluster as used but not allocated, the cluster is considered as _________<br /> A. Corrupt<br /> B. Bad<br /> C. Lost<br /> D. Unallocated<br /> 127. You are assisting in the investigation of a possible Web Server hack. The company who called you stated<br /> that customers reported to them that whenever they entered the web address of the company in their<br /> browser, what they received was a pornographic web site. The company checked the web server and<br /> nothing appears wrong. When you type in the IP address of the web site in your browser everything appears<br /> normal.<br /> What is the name of the attack that affects the DNS cache of the name resolution servers, resulting in those<br /> servers directing users to the wrong web site?<br /> A. ARP Poisoning<br /> B. DNS Poisoning<br /> C. HTTP redirect attack<br /> D. IP Spoofing<br /> 128. When cataloging digital evidence, the primary goal is to<br /> A. Make bit-stream images of all hard drives<br /> B. Preserve evidence integrity<br /> C. Not remove the evidence from the scene<br /> D. Not allow the computer to be turned off<br /> 129. While looking through the IIS log file of a web server, you find the following entries:<br /> What is evident from this log file?<br /> A. Web bugs<br /> B. Cross site scripting<br /> C. Hidden fields<br /> D. SQL injection is possible<br /> 130. Why would you need to find out the gateway of a device when investigating a wireless attack?<br /> A. The gateway will be the IP of the proxy server used by the attacker to launch the attack<br /> B. The gateway will be the IP of the attacker computerThe gateway will be the IP of the attacker computer<br /> C. The gateway will be the IP used to manage the RADIUS server<br /> D. The gateway will be the IP used to manage the access point<br /> 131. During the course of a corporate investigation, you find that an employee is committing a federal crime.<br /> Can the employer file a criminal complain with the police?<br /> A. Yes, and all evidence can be turned over to the police<br /> B. Yes, but only if you turn the evidence over to a district judge<br /> C. No, because the investigation was conducted without following standard police procedures<br /> D. No, because the investigation was conducted without a warrant<br /> 132. Using Internet logging software to investigate a case of malicious use of computers, the investigator comes<br /> across some entries that appear odd.<br /> From the log, the investigator can see where the person in question went on the Internet.<br /> From the log, it appears that the user was manually typing in different user ID numbers.<br /> What technique this user was trying?<br /> A. Parameter tampering<br /> B. Cross site scripting<br /> C. SQL injection<br /> D. Cookie Poisoning<br /> 133. Why would a company issue a dongle with the software they sell?<br /> A. To provide source code protection<br /> B. To provide wireless functionality with the software<br /> C. To provide copyright protection<br /> D. To ensure that keyloggers cannot be used<br /> 134. What feature of Windows is the following command trying to utilize?<br /> A. White space<br /> B. AFS<br /> C. ADS<br /> D. Slack file<br /> 135. Harold is finishing up a report on a case of network intrusion, corporate spying, and embezzlement that he<br /> has been working on for over six months.<br /> He is trying to find the right term to use in his report to describe network-enabled spying.<br /> What term should Harold use?<br /> A. Spycrack<br /> B. Spynet<br /> C. Netspionage<br /> D. Hackspionage<br /> 136. What is considered a grant of a property right given to an individual who discovers or invents a new<br /> machine, process, useful composition of matter or manufacture?<br /> A. Copyright<br /> B. Design patent<br /> C. Trademark<br /> D. Utility patent<br /> 137. Where is the startup configuration located on a router?<br /> A. Static RAM<br /> B. BootROM<br /> C. NVRAM<br /> D. Dynamic RAM<br /> 138. You are working for a large clothing manufacturer as a computer forensics investigator and are called in to<br /> investigate an unusual case of an employee possibly stealing clothing designs from the company and selling<br /> them under a different brand name for a different company.<br /> What you discover during the course of the investigation is that the clothing designs are actually original<br /> products of the employee and the company has no policy against an employee selling his own designs on<br /> his own time.<br /> The only thing that you can find that the employee is doing wrong is that his clothing design incorporates<br /> the same graphic symbol as that of the company with only the wording in the graphic being different.<br /> What area of the law is the employee violating?<br /> A. Copyright law<br /> B. Brandmark law<br /> C. Trademark law<br /> D. Printright law<br /> 139. You are contracted to work as a computer forensics investigator for a regional bank that has four 30 TB<br /> storage area networks that store customer data.<br /> What method would be most efficient for you to acquire digital evidence from this network?<br /> A. Make a bit-stream disk-to-disk file<br /> B. Make a bit-stream disk-to-image file<br /> C. Create a sparse data copy of a folder or file<br /> D. Create a compressed copy of the file with DoubleSpace<br /> 140. While searching through a computer under investigation, you discover numerous files that appear to have<br /> had the first letter of the file name replaced by the hex code byte 5h.<br /> What does this indicate on the computer?<br /> A. The files have been marked as hidden<br /> B. The files have been marked for deletion<br /> C. The files are corrupt and cannot be recovered<br /> D. The files have been marked as read-only<br /> 141. While presenting his case to the court, Simon calls many witnesses to the stand to testify. Simon decides to<br /> call Hillary Taft, a lay witness, to the stand.<br /> Since Hillary is a lay witness, what field would she be considered an expert in?<br /> A. Technical material related to forensics<br /> B. No particular field<br /> C. Judging the character of defendants/victims<br /> D. Legal issues<br /> 142. Microsoft Outlook maintains email messages in a proprietary format in what type of file?<br /> A. .email<br /> B. .mail<br /> C. .pst<br /> D. .doc<br /> 143. The use of warning banners helps a company avoid litigation by overcoming an employees assumed<br /> _________ when connecting to the company intranet, network, or virtual private network (VPN) and will<br /> allow the company investigators to monitor, search, and retrieve information stored within the network.<br /> A. Right to work<br /> B. Right of free speech<br /> C. Right to Internet access<br /> D. Right of privacy<br /> 144. What stage of the incident handling process involves reporting events?<br /> A. Containment<br /> B. Follow-up<br /> C. Identification<br /> D. Recovery<br /> 145. When investigating a computer forensics case where Microsoft Exchange and Blackberry Enterprise server<br /> are used, where would investigator need to search to find email sent from a Blackberry device?<br /> A. RIM Messaging center<br /> B. Blackberry Enterprise server<br /> C. Microsoft Exchange server<br /> D. Blackberry desktop redirector<br /> 146. What type of attack sends spoofed UDP packets (instead of ping packets) with a fake source address to the<br /> IP broadcast address of a large network?<br /> A. Fraggle<br /> B. Smurf scan<br /> C. SYN flood<br /> D. Teardrop<br /> 147. The police believe that Mevin Matthew has been obtaining unauthorized access to computers belonging to<br /> numerous computer software and computer operating systems manufacturers, cellular telephone<br /> manufacturers, Internet Service Providers, and educational institutions. They also suspect that he has been<br /> stealing, copying, and misappropriating proprietary computer software belonging to the several victim<br /> companies.<br /> What is preventing the police from breaking down the suspect door and searching his home and seizing all<br /> of his computer equipment if they have not yet obtained a warrant?<br /> A. The USA Patriot Act<br /> B. The Good Samaritan Laws<br /> C. The Federal Rules of Evidence<br /> D. The Fourth Amendment<br /> 148. How many characters long is the fixed-length MD5 algorithm checksum of a critical system file?<br /> A. 16<br /> B. 32<br /> C. 64<br /> D. 48</div>

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<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc-SaNOFUElYoicG_TJhV7Og_d4PIrOmw6ALX_TNq6APXOYR0yGQU_AUeRqwhP4W3gtpSuAHN4C2cOL7DG54mtAqjl4eIKPIk7ONSBoKNdg-PokuGM2PpNLD2CDTVDWoSZIbNpJtKQmyk/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc-SaNOFUElYoicG_TJhV7Og_d4PIrOmw6ALX_TNq6APXOYR0yGQU_AUeRqwhP4W3gtpSuAHN4C2cOL7DG54mtAqjl4eIKPIk7ONSBoKNdg-PokuGM2PpNLD2CDTVDWoSZIbNpJtKQmyk/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">Jawaban soal foresec level 2</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">1. A.connect to the active services and review the banner information</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">2. C.kerberos is preventing it</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">3. C.a hacker prevent a legilimate user(or group users) from accesing a computer or event another     person</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">4. A.a buffer overflow</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">5. BdanC. ir is susceptible to sniffing, C.it uses a community string sent as clear text</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">6. A.hardware keylogger</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">7. D.file integrity verification tools</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">8. B.389</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">9. A.DOS attack which involves crashing a network or system</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">10. B. hping2 uses TCP instead of ICMP by default</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">11. B.it is a messenger spam</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">12. B.2</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">13. C.time exceeded</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">14. BdanE train users in the new policity, E.continously survey the area for wireless devices</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">15. C.a grey box test</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">16. A. someone who is hacking for a cause</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">17. A. used to close a tcp connection</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">18. C. using unpredictable sequence numbers secures session against hijacking</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">19. A. 512</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">20. D. passive information gathering</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">21. B. enforce the corporate security policy</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">22. C.someone spoofed clive’s ip address when doing a smurf attack</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">23. D. an SNMP walk</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">24. B. this command will detach ettercap…</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">25. B. the attacker is trying to determine..</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">26. C. sniff traffic off the WLAN</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">27. A.somebody is using SOCKS on the network</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">28. E.social engineering</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">29. D.direct in person</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">30. B. the attacker is attempting an exploit</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">31. C.SMAC fueling</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">32. B.a pseudo account that has no username and password</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">33. D. disable LM authentication in the registry</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">34. C.guess the sequence numbers</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">35. B.change the files modification acces creation times</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">36. D. alert tcp any any</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">37. B. 160bits</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">38. A . a large number of SYM packets.. without</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">39. B. parameter manipulation</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">40. D.nmap –sO -T 192.168.1.10</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">41. C. visit archive.org web site to retrieve the internet …</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">42. D. ping of death</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">43. C.snow</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">44. A. Bastion host</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">45. C.hybrid</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">46. B. the monitor will know if counterfeit messages are being generated….</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">47. A.someone who using their skills for devensive purposes</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">48. C.connect scan</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">49. A. the attacker use the sid2user program</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4b4c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">50. C.88</span></div>

Jawaban FORESEC COMPUTER HACKING level 2

Jawaban soal foresec level 2 1. A.connect to the active services and review the banner information 2. C.kerberos is preventing it 3...

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Keamanan pada Wireless LAN

<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><i></i></span></span><i><br /> </i><br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Konfigurasi WLAN</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /> Secara umum konfigurasi WLAN terdiri dari AP (Access Point) yang terhubung ke Local Area Network (LAN) dan device/interface WLAN di sisi CPE pengguna. Biasanya device di CPE pengguna dapat berupa PCMCIA WLAN, USB card, ISA/PCI card atau yang sudah built in seperti pada computer centrino/PDA.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span id="more-132"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Gambar berikut mengilustrasikan konfigurasi generik dari jaringan WLAN.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ristishop.com/artikel/Keamanan%20WLAN%201.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV">Gambar 1. Konfigurasi WLAN</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <span lang="SV"><br /> </span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV">Faktor Pendorong dan Penghambat</span></b><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Terdapat beberapa faktor pendorong maupun penghambat pemanfaatan WLAN. Dari sisi pendorong kenapa perusahaan mengimplementasikan WLAN adalah masalah mobility. Dengan adanya jaringan WLAN di suatu kantor maka pegawai dapat melakukan koneksi ke jaringan secara mobile atau pindah dengan mudah. Kemudian alasan yang ke dua adalah nocabling. Dalam arti pemanfaatan WLAN akan mengurangi jumlah kabel yang digelar. Sehingga kantor akan kelihatan rapi dan cost untuk cabling akan berkurang. Alasan selanjutnya adalah access any where, dimana pegawai dapat akses ke server/jaringan dimanapun pada area coverage WLAN.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Gambar berikut dapat menggambarkan alasan penggunaan WLAN :</span><br /> </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ristishop.com/artikel/Keamanan%20WLAN%202.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV">Gambar 2. Faktor Pendorong Penggunaan WLAN</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <span lang="SV"><br /> </span><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ristishop.com/artikel/Keamanan%20WLAN%203.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV">Gambar 3. Faktor Penghambat Pengunaaan WLAN</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <span lang="SV"><br /> </span><br /> <span lang="SV"><br /> </span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Dari gambar di atas nampak bahwa faktor security merupakan faktor yang paling dominan sebagai penghambat imlementasi WLAN. Dengan demikian perlu konfigurasi yang optimal berkaitan dengan security.</span><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="SV"><b>Serangan pada WLAN</b></span></span><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Hacker biasanya mencari jaringan WLAN untuk menonaktifkan atau berusaha untuk mendapat akses ke jaringan WLAN melalui beberapa cara. Beberapa tipe serangan yang sering dilakukan meliputi hal-hal sbb : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV"> a). Jamming</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV"> b). Passive attacks (eavesdropping)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">c). Active attacks (conneting, probing dan configuring network)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> d). </span><span lang="SV">Man-in-the-middle attacks</span><br /> </div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">·<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><b><i><span lang="EN-GB">Jamming </span></i></b></span><br /> </div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span lang="EN-GB"> “<i>Denial of Service Attack</i>/ <i>DOS Attack</i>” mudah untuk diterapkan ke dalam jaringan <i>wireless.</i> Dimana penyerang membangkitkan satu frekuensi yang sama dengan frekuensi WLAN dengan daya (power) yang lebih besar daripada daya WLAN eksisting. Dengan demikian sistem WLAN seolah-olah mendapatkan noise yang besar dari luar sehingga komunikasi antara AP dan client tidak bisa dilakukan (terputus). Gambar di bawah mengilustrasikan bagaimana seorang jammer dengan mengunakan High Power RF Signal Generator melakukan jamming.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span lang="EN-GB">Disamping itu penyerang juga bisa memanfaatkan hardware standard seperti PDA/notebook yang telah dilengkapi dengan wireless card untuk mengacaukan trafik WLAN dalam radius tertentu.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ristishop.com/artikel/Keamanan%20WLAN%204.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Gambar 4. Jamming Jaringan WLAN</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <span lang="EN-GB"><br /> </span><br /> <span lang="EN-GB"><br /> </span><br /> <span lang="EN-GB"><br /> </span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="SV"><b>Passive attacks (eavesdropping)</b></span></span><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Passive attacks merupakan teknik yang paling simple dilakukan oleh seorang penyusup (intruder). Cukup komputer atau PDA yang telah dilengkapi dengan WLAN card, penyusup dapat melakukan passive attacks. Agar penyusup tidak mudah diketahui oleh admin WLAN, maka jarak (lokasi) penyusup dengan jaringan WLAN harus cukup jauh. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan menambahkan antena directional yang disambungkan dengan WLAN card di komputer penyusup.</span><span lang="SV"> Biasanya penyusup melakukan passive attacks di area parkir.</span><span lang="SV"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Bagi admin jaringan WLAN eksisting, penyusup dengan kategori ini tidak terlalu berbahaya karena tidak merusak jaringan. Namun bagi perusahaan akan sangat merugikan karena akan mengetahui informasi-informasi yang ada di jaringan intranetnya yang sebetulnya hanya boleh diakses oleh karyawan setempat.</span><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV"> </span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ristishop.com/artikel/Keamanan%20WLAN%205.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gambar 5. Passive attacking</td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="SV">·<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><b><span lang="SV">Active Attacks</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Active attacks lebih berbahaya dibanding dengan passive attacks. Disamping bertujuan untuk masuk ke jaringan WLAN, attacker akan berusaha mengambil confiential data bahkan mungkin merusaka jaringan. </span><span lang="SV">Attaker akan mengoprek sampai ke level admin jaringan WLAN sehingga dapat melakukan perubahan konfigurasi layaknya seorang admin. Dampaknya dari tipe attaker tidak sebatas pada jaringan WLAN saja, namun bisa melebar ke seluruh </span><span lang="SV">jaringan termasuk wiredLANnya. Kemungkinan mengirim virus atau Trojan sudah sangatlah mudah untuk attacker tipe ini.<br /> Sebagai gambaran dari active attacks seperti terlampir.</span><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV"> </span></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ristishop.com/artikel/Keamanan%20WLAN%206.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV">Gambar 6. Active Attacks</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <span lang="SV"><br /> </span><span lang="SV"> </span><br /> <span lang="SV"><br /> </span><span lang="SV"> </span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">·<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB">Man in the middle Attacks</span></b></span><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Man in the middle attacks di sini adalah seorang attacker memotong jalur di tengah antara AP dan client. Disamping dia terhubung ke AP yang asli dia juga berfungsi sebagai AP bagi client yang legitimate. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Syarat dari attacker tipe ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Harus mempunyai komputer yang memiliki 2 (dua) WLAN card, satu untuk tersambung ke AP yang asli dan yang kedua untuk melayani client yang awalnya tersambung ke AP yang asli tersebut.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Harus mengetahui SSID (network name) AP yang asli atau yang client gunakan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="DE">-<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span lang="DE">Harus mempunyai software AP yang dipasang di komputer</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="DE">-<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span lang="DE">Sinyal yang diterima di komputer attacker harus lebih besar daripada yang diterima oleh client</span></span><b><span lang="DE"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">Keuntungan bagi attacker tipe ini disamping akan memperoleh data yang diinginkan juga akan memperoleh kecepatan yang maksimum.</span><span lang="SV"> Gambar dibawah merupakan ilustrasi dari keterangan di atas. </span><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV"> </span></div><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ristishop.com/artikel/Keamanan%20WLAN%207.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Gambar 7.Man in the Middle Attacks</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <br /> <br /> <b><span lang="EN-GB">Kesimpulan</span></b><br /> <br /> <span lang="EN-GB">Pemanfaatan WLAN terutama didorong oleh keuntungan di aspek mobilitas sedangkan factor penghambat utamanya adalah factor security. </span><span lang="SV">Terdapat 4 kategori utama tipe serangan pada WLAN yaitu jamming, passive attacks, active attacks dan man in the middle attacks.</span><br /> <div class="MsoBodyText2"><b><i><span lang="SV">Gunadi Dwi Hantoro</span></i></b><i><span lang="SV">, penulis bekerja di Telkom RisTI sebagai Engineer di Laboratorium Wireless Access. Beberapa proyek yang sedang dan telah ditangani berkaitan dengan teknologi wireless LAN adalah implementasi WLAN di Surabaya dan Jakartaserta surfzone (Hotspots)</span></i></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><b><i><span lang="SV">Referensi:</span></i></b></div><ol type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">”Materi training WLAN”, Lab wireless tahun 2003</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">“ Certified Wireless Network Administrator” Planet3 Wireless</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">“Keamanan Sistem Lanjut” Dr. Ir Budi Raharjda</span></li> </ol>sumber : www.ristishop.com

Keamanan pada Wireless LAN

Konfigurasi WLAN Secara umum konfigurasi WLAN terdiri dari AP (Access Point) yang terhubung ke Local Area Network (LAN) dan device/inter...

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Perangkat Jaringan WAN

<strong>Infrastruktur WAN (Wide Area Network)</strong><br /> Seperti LAN (Local Area Network), Terdapat sejumlah perangkat yang melewatkan aliran informasi data dalam sebuah WAN. Penggabungan perangkat tersebut akan menciptakan infrastruktur WAN. Perangkat-perangkat tersebut adalah :<br /> <ul><li>Router</li> <li>ATM Switch</li> <li>Modem and CSU/DSU</li> <li>Communication Server</li> <li>Multiplexer</li> <li>X.25/Frame Relay Switches<span id="more-101"></span> </li> </ul><strong>Router</strong><br /> <img align="left" alt="router.gif" id="image102" src="http://mudji.net/press/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/router.thumbnail.gif" title="router.gif" />Router adalah peningkatan kemampuan dari bridge. Router mampu menunjukkan rute/jalur (route) dan memfilter informasi pada jaringan yang berbeda. Beberapa router mampu secara otomatis mendeteksi masalah dan mengalihkan jalur informasi dari area yang bermasalah. <br /> <strong>Switch ATM</strong><br /> <img align="left" alt="atmswitch.gif" id="image105" src="http://mudji.net/press/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/atmswitch.thumbnail.gif" title="atmswitch.gif" />Switch ATM menyediakan transfer data berkecepatan tinggi antara LAN dan WAN. <br /> <strong>Modem (modulator / demodulator)</strong><br /> <img align="left" alt="modem.gif" id="image103" src="http://mudji.net/press/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/modem.thumbnail.gif" title="modem.gif" />Modem mengkonversi sinyal digital dan analog. Pada pengirim, modem mengkonversi sinyal digital ke dalam bentuk yang sesuai dengan teknologi transmisi untuk dilewatkan melalui fasilitas komunikas analog atau jaringan telepon (public telephone line). Di sisi penerima, modem mengkonversi sinyal ke format digital kembali. <br /> <strong>CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit / Data Service Unit)</strong><br /> CSU/DSU sama seperti modem, hanya saja CSU/DSU mengirim data dalam format digital melalui jaringan telephone digital. CSU/DSU biasanya berupa kotak fisik yang merupakan dua unit yang terpisah : CSU atau DSU. <br /> <strong>Multiplexer<br /> </strong><br /> <img align="left" alt="infotypes.gif" id="image104" src="http://mudji.net/press/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/infotypes.thumbnail.gif" title="infotypes.gif" />Sebuah Multiplexer mentransmisikan gabungan beberapa sinyal melalui sebuah sirkit (circuit). Multiplexer dapat mentransfer beberapa data secara simultan (terus-menerus), seperti video, sound, text, dan lain-lain. <br /> <strong>Communication Server</strong><br /> Communication Server adalah server khusus “dial in/out” bagi pengguna untuk dapat melakukan dial dari lokasi remote sehingga dapat terhubung ke LAN. <br /> <strong>Switch X.25 / Frame Relay</strong><br /> Switch X.25 dan Frame Relay menghubungkan data lokal/private melalui jaringan data, mengunakan sinyal digital. Unit ini sama dengan switch ATM, tetapi kecepatan transfer datanya lebih rendah dibanding dengan ATM.

Perangkat Jaringan WAN

Infrastruktur WAN (Wide Area Network) Seperti LAN (Local Area Network), Terdapat sejumlah perangkat yang melewatkan aliran informasi data ...

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

<img alt="nat.gif" id="image106" src="http://mudji.net/press/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/nat.gif" title="nat.gif" /><br /> Keterbatasan alamat IPv.4 merupakan masalah pada jaringan global atau Internet. Untuk memaksimalkan penggunakan alamat IP yang diberikan oleh Internet Service Provider (ISP) dapat digunakan Network Address Translation atau NAT. NAT membuat jaringan yang menggunakan alamat lokal (private), alamat yang tidak boleh ada dalam tabel routing Internet dan dikhususkan untuk jaringan lokal/intranet, dapat berkomunikasi ke Internet dengan jalan ‘meminjam’ alamat IP Internet yang dialokasikan oleh ISP. Atau dapat juga digunakan untuk koneksi jaringan antar organisasi yang berbeda yang tidak ingin alamat jaringannya diketahui oleh organisasi lain.<span id="more-107"></span><br /> Dengan NAT, jaringan internal/lokal, tidak akan terlihat oleh dunia luar/internet. IP lokal yang cukup banyak dapat dilewatkan ke Internet hanya dengan melalui translasi ke satu IP publik/global. Sehingga dengan kata lain bahwa NAT sebagai jembatan IP lokal untuk keluar ke IP internet/publik.<br /> <a href="http://mudji.net/NAT.zip" target="_blank">>>Download</a>

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Keterbatasan alamat IPv.4 merupakan masalah pada jaringan global atau Internet. Untuk memaksimalkan penggunakan alamat IP yang diberikan o...

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Frame Relay

<div> <h2>Frame Relay</h2></div><!-- Post Body Copy -->Frame relay merupakan protocol WAN yang mempunyai performance tinggi yang bisa memberikan koneksi jaringan WAN sampai 2,048 Mbps (dan bahkan bisa lebih tinggi) ke berbagai belahan dunia. Frame relay menggunakan circuit virtual untuk koneksi site-2 dan memberikan lebar pipa bandwidth berskala yang bisa dijamin (dengan menggunakan apa yang disebut sebagai CIR- committed information rate). Frame relay begitu popular karena penawaran bandwidth yan berskala melalui jalur digital. Dengan menggunakan konfigurasi standard frame relay akan merupakan cara yang sederhana untuk meminimalkan masalah jaringan-2 frame relay.<span id="more-150"></span><br /> Frame relay didesign untuk transmisi digital melalui medium yang sudah handal, yang pada umumnya adalah fiber optic, bandingkan dengan jaringan yang menggunakan X.25 yang pada awalnya didesign untuk jaringan transmisi analog melalui medium yang dianggap tidak handal seperti standard line telpon.<br /> Berikut ini adalah fitur utama dari frame relay:<br /> <ul><li> Frame relay memberikan deteksi error tapi tidak memberikan recovery error.</li> <li> Frame relay memberikan transfer data sampai 1.54Mbs</li> <li> Frame relay mempunyai ukuran paket yang bervariable (disebut frame)</li> <li> Frame relay bisa dipakai sebagai koneksi backbone kepada jaringan LAN</li> <li> Frame relay bisa dimplementasikan melalui berbagai macam koneksi sambungan (56K, T1, T3)</li> <li> Frame relay beroperasi pada layer physical dan layer Data link pada model OSI</li> </ul>saat anda menandatangani kontrak berlangganan jasa frame relay, anda akan diberikan level layanan yang disebut CIR – committed Information Rate. CIR adalah batas jaminan maksimal rate transmisi yang akan anda terima dalam jaringan frame relay. Jika traffic jaringan rendah, anda bisa mengirim data dengan cepat seakan melebihi batas maksimal CIR. Jika traffic meningkat, prioritas akan diberikan pada data yang datang dari cutomer dengan CIR yang lebih tinggi, dan rate efektifnya akan drop.<br /> Karena frame relay mengasumsikan medium transmisi yang handal, setiap switch melakukan pemeriksaan error tapi tidak recovery error. Sumber error dari frame relay kebnyakan bukan dari kehilangan paket atau data corrupt, akan tetapi dikarenakan mampetnya jaringan karena kepadatan aliran data. Saat traffic meningkat, switch frame relay mulai merontokkan paket untuk mengejar beban jaringan.<br /> Gambaran berikut ini adalah konsep bagaimana data ditransmisikan melalui jaringan frame relay:<br /> 1.       Router membuat koneksi ke switch frame relay baik langsung maupun lewat CSU/DSU<br /> 2.      Jaringan Frame relay mensimulasikan suatu koneksi “selalu on” dengan PVC<br /> 3.      Outer pengirim mulai mengirim data segera tanpa membentuk suatu sesi<br /> 4.      Switch frame relay melaksanakan pemeriksaan error tapi tidak memperbaiki error tersebut.<br /> 5.      Paket yang corrupt akan di jatuhkan tanpa notifikasi<br /> 6.      Paket akan menjelajah melalu cloud frame relay tanpa adanya acknowledgement<br /> 7.      Piranti pengirim dan penerima lah yang akan melakukan koreksi error<br /> 8.      Switch frame relay akan mulai menjatukan paket jika kemapetan jalur mulai terbentuk<br /> 9.      Kebanjiran atau kemampetan jaringanlah penyebab dari kehilangan paket secara umum pada jaringan frame relay<br /> 10.   Paket akan dihilangkan berdasarkan informasi pada bit Discard Elligable (DE)<br /> 11.    Switch frame relay mengirim notifikasi Backward explicit congestion notification (BECN) untuk mengisyaratkan menurunkan rate transfer data.<br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://riyandi.webege.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/frame-relay-circuit.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-151 aligncenter" height="209" src="http://riyandi.webege.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/frame-relay-circuit-300x209.jpg" title="frame-relay-circuit" width="300" /></a></div>Frame relay addressing<br /> Frame relay menggunakan Data-link Connection Identifier (DLCI) untuk setiap circuit virtual<br /> 1.       Range DLCI ada antara 16 dan 1007<br /> 2.      DLCI mewakili koneksi antara dua piranti frame relay<br /> 3.      Penyedia layanan frame relay memerikan DLCI saat vitual circuit di setup<br /> 4.      Setiap DLCI adalah unik pada jaringan local akan tetapi tidak pada jaringan WAN secara keseluruhan.<br /> Local Management Interface (LMI)<br /> LMI merupakan satu set ekstensi management protocol yang mengautomasikan banyak tugas-2 management frame relay. LMI bertanggungjawab untuk memanage koneksi dan melaporkan status koneksi.<br /> 1.       Memelihara link antara router dan switch frame<br /> 2.      Mengumpulkan satus informasi tentang router-2 yang lain dan juga koneksi-2 pada jarinan<br /> 3.      Enable dinamik DLCI assignment melalui support multicasting<br /> 4.      Membuat DLCI berarti secara global untuk jaringan keseluruhan<br /> Router Cisco mendukung tiga macam LMI: Cisco; ANSI; dan Q933a. jika anda menhubungkan router dengan jaringan frame relay, interface router mempunyai koneksi langsung ke switch frame relay pada sisi penyedia frame relay. Walaupun hanya ada satu koneksi fisik antara router dan frame relay, frame relay mendukung multiple circuit virtual. Ada dua opsi saat konfigurasi koneksi frame relay atau circuit:<br /> 1.       Point-to-point yang mensimulasikan suatu sambungan leased line- suatu sambungan langsung dengan suatu piranti tujuan.<br /> 2.      Multipoint, yang menghubungkan setiap circuit untuk berkomunikasi dengan lebih dari satu piranti tujuan. Ciscuit yang sama digunakan untuk multiple komunikasi.<br /> Anda bisa mengkonfigurasikan router dengan multi sub-interface yang mengijinkan konfigurasi circuit virtual, yang masing-2 menggunakan parameter konfigurasi yang berbeda.<br /> Saat mengkonfigurasi router untuk koneksi ke frame relay, nomor DLCI bertindak seperti address pada layer Data link dan layer Physical. Karena frame relay mendukung protocol-2 layer bagian atas, anda perlu mengasosiasikan logical, address tujuan layer network dengan nomor DLCI yang digunakan untuk mencapai address tersebut. Untuk koneksi multiple, anda mempunyai opsi konfigurasi berikut:<br /> 1.       Asosiasikan DLCI secara dynamic dengan protocol inverse-ARP untuk mendapatkan address tujuan secara dynamic yang diasosiasikan dengan DLCI<br /> 2.      Petakan addres secara manual ke DLCI dengan mengidentifikasikan address dari masing-2 piranti tujuan, dan asosiasikan setiap address dengan DLCI. Walaupun banyak yang dikerjakan, hasilnya tidak rentan terhadap error dibandingkan jika menggunakan inverse-ARP.<br /> Jika interface atau sub-interface menggunakan koneksi point-to-point, anda tidak perlu mengasosiasikan address layer network dengan DLCI. Hal ini dikarenakan interface dan DLCI yang bersangkutan hanya mempunyai satu kemungkinan koneksi.<br /> Standard minimum frame relay<br /> Ada banyak standard frame relay yang berhubungan dengan jenis encapsulasi data-link layer dan fungsi-2 Local Managemeny Interface (LMI) yang digunakan oleh carrier frame relay modern. Untuk kepentingan organisasi korporasi anda, berikut ini adalah standard minimum frame relay:<br /> 1.       Jenis koneksi serial yang lebih disukai adalah jenis interface fisik V.35<br /> 2.      Modus IETF pada encapsulasi frame relay seharusnya dgunakan untuk layanan yang baru untuk menjamin bisa saling beroperasi<br /> 3.      Jenis LMI pada modus ANSI seharusnya digunakan untuk semua konfigurasi frame relay baru untuk jaminan saling operasi<br /> 4.      Penggunaan point-to-point sub-interface untuk semua konfigurasi frame relay baru diperlukan untuk meminimalkan masalah koneksi jaringan yang diketahui.

Frame Relay

Frame Relay Frame relay merupakan protocol WAN yang mempunyai performance tinggi yang bisa memberikan koneksi jaringan WAN sampai 2,048 M...

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VPN(Virtual Private Network) IPsec

<strong>VPN(Virtual Private Network)</strong> adalah sebuah jaringan yang menggunakan infrastruktur telekomunikasi publik, seperti internet untuk menyediakan akses yang aman untuk kantor-kantor yang terpencil ke jaringan internal perusahaannya. Tutorial ini akan mencoba mensimulasikan bagaimana menghubungkan dua lokasi ayng berbeda yaitu Jakarta dan Bali dengan menggunakan Ipsec  VPN dengan pre-shared authentification.<span id="more-214"></span><br /> Ada 5 langkah-langkah dasar untuk mengkonfigurasi sebuah VPN menggunakan router Cisco<br /> <ol><li>Mengkonfigurasi <strong>ISAKMP Policy</strong></li> <li>Mengkonfigurasi <strong>ISAKMP pre-shared  key</strong></li> <li>Mengkonfigurasi <strong>IPSec Transform-set</strong></li> <li>Mengkonfigurasi <strong>access list</strong> untuk mengidentifikasi trafik yang akan dienkripsi</li> <li>Mengkonfigurasi sebuah <strong>crypto map</strong> untuk menggabungkan langkah <strong>2</strong> sampai langkah <strong>4</strong></li> <li>Mengimplementasikan <strong>crypto map</strong> pada eksternal interface.</li> </ol>Berikut ini gambar simulai IPsec VPN yang dibuat menggunakan simulasi <a href="http://www.ccna4u.org/2010/05/packet-tracer-version-53-software.html">Packet Tracer version 5.3</a><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://riyandi.webege.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/VPN.png"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-215 aligncenter" height="291" src="http://riyandi.webege.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/VPN-300x151.png" title="VPN" width="634" /></a></div><strong>##Konfigurasi Router0 — Jakarta</strong><br /> <strong>#Konfigurasi Interface</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router>en</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router#configure terminal</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router(config)#hostname Router0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#interface fa0/0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#no shutdown</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#interface fa0/1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#ip address 202.10.1.2 255.255.255.0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#no shutdown</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <strong>#Konfigurasi NAT “Many to One”</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#access-list 100 deny ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#access-list 100 permit ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 any</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#ip nat inside source list 100 interface fa0/1 overload</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#interface fa0/0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#ip nat inside</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#interface fa0/1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#ip nat outside</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;"><br /> </span><br /> <strong> </strong><br /> <strong>#Konfigurasi IPsec VPN “Site to Site”</strong><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi ISAKMP Policy</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#crypto isakmp policy 1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-isakmp)#encryption 3des</span><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi ISAKMP pre-shared  key</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-isakmp)#authentication pre-share</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-isakmp)#exit</span><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi IPSec Transform-set</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#crypto isakmp key <strong>rahasiavpn2010</strong> address 202.11.1.2</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#crypto ipsec transform-set <strong>mytransform</strong> esp-3des esp-md5-hmac</span><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi access list</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#access-list 101 permit ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255</span><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi crypto map</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#crypto map <strong>cryptomap1</strong> 10 ipsec-isakmp</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-crypto-map)#set peer 202.11.1.2</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-crypto-map)#set transform-set mytransform</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-crypto-map)#match address 101</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-crypto-map)#exit</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;"> </span><br /> <strong>Implementasi crypto map pada eksternal interface</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#interface fa0/1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#crypto map cryptomap1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <strong> </strong><br /> <strong>#Konfigurasi Default Routing</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 202.10.1.1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router0#copy running-config startup-config</span><br /> <strong>##Konfigurasi Router2 — Bali</strong><br /> <strong>#Konfigurasi Interface</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router>en</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router#configure terminal</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router(config)#hostname Router2</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#interface fa0/0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#interface fa0/1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#ip address 202.11.1.2 255.255.255.0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#no shutdown</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#interface fa0/0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <strong> </strong><br /> <strong>#Konfigurasi NAT “Many to One”</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#access-list 100 deny ip 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#access-list 100 permit ip 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 any</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#ip nat inside source list 100 interface fa0/1 overload</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#interface fa0/0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#ip nat inside</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#interface fa0/1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#ip nat outside</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <strong>#Konfigurasi Ipsec VPN “Site to Site”</strong><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi ISAKMP Policy</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#crypto isakmp policy 1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-isakmp)#encryption 3des</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;"><strong> </strong></span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;"><strong>Konfigurasi ISAKMP pre-shared  key</strong></span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-isakmp)#authentication pre-share</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-isakmp)#exit</span><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi IPSec Transform-set</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#crypto isakmp key <strong>rahasiavpn2010</strong> address 202.10.1.2</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#crypto ipsec transform-set <strong>mytransform</strong> esp-3des esp-md5-hmac</span><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi access list</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#access-list 101 permit ip 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255</span><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi crypto map</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#crypto map <strong>cryptomap1 </strong>10 ipsec-isakmp</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-crypto-map)#set peer 202.10.1.2</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-crypto-map)#set transform-set mytransform</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-crypto-map)#match address 101</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-crypto-map)#exit</span><br /> <strong> </strong><br /> <strong>Implementasi crypto map pada eksternal interface</strong><strong> </strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#interface fa0/1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#crypto map <strong>cryptomap1</strong></span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <strong>#Konfigurasi Default Routing</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 202.11.1.1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router2#copy running-config startup-config</span><br /> <strong>##Konfigurasi Router1 — Cloud</strong><br /> <strong>Konfigurasi Interface</strong><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router>en</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router#configure terminal</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router(config)#hostname Router1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1(config)#interface fa0/0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1(config-if)#ip address 202.10.1.1 255.255.255.0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1(config-if)#no shutdown</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1(config)#interface fa0/1</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1(config-if)#ip address 202.11.1.1 255.255.255.0</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1(config-if)#no shutdown</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1(config-if)#exit</span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;"> </span><br /> <span style="color: #3366ff;">Router1#copy running-config startup-config</span><br /> Pengetesan koneksi VPN dilakukan dengan melakukan proses ping dari PC0 ke PC1 dan dari PC1 ke PC0. Berikut ini adalah tampilan proses ping jika koneksi VPN sudah berhasil dibuat.

VPN(Virtual Private Network) IPsec

VPN(Virtual Private Network) adalah sebuah jaringan yang menggunakan infrastruktur telekomunikasi publik, seperti internet untuk menyedia...

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